Read and answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Read and answer question - Essay Example Both the organization and its shareholders need returns for their investments and when such is not achieved then change is inevitable. 2. What is the primary type of change needed- Changing things or changing the people and culture. Can the Wisconsin plant be saved by changing things alone, by changing people and culture, or must both be changed? The primary type of change needed for Wisconsin plant is for people and culture. With some current Wisconsin employees telling of how their fathers worked for the same plant, calls for a change in the people. Once people get used to a place, they reduce the quality of production, which could be the contributing factor towards the competitors almost producing better quality than Wisconsin plant. It is also clear that Wisconsin employees are the most paid compared to the others. The culture of the union determining their pay should, therefore be changed too in an urge to reduce the plant’s high production costs. 3. What do you think is the major underlying cause of the Union’s resistance to change? If you were Jim Malesckowski, what implementation tactics would you use to try to convince union members to change to save the Wisconsin plant? It is evidently clear that if no change is made, then the Wisconsin plant will have to close down due to the high operational costs. If I was Jim, I would dialogue with the union be telling them that if change was not achieved then the plant would close down. In the event that happens then all the employees would be jobless. In changing to a save culture, the union members would benefit in that despite the reduction in their salaries, they would still retain their jobs, other than letting the plant close down leaving all of them jobless as a result of the high operational

Teens Spend Outrages Amount of Time Online Essay Example for Free

Teens Spend Outrages Amount of Time Online Essay This really shows how dependent teenagers have become of their gadgets. 88% of the teenagers think that these devices help them in everyday life and 69% of parents agree. One of the parents who do not agree is Susan Maushart, she decided to digitally detox her children and herself for a total of 6 months. Mother of 3 Susan Maushart decided to cut off all electronic devices and internet use for an entire 6 months as she thought her children were using too much time online, on their cellphones and on their iPods, she only saw their necks she said. Susan dropped the bomb on Christmas morning. The children were chocked and grumpy at first, but after the first month or so they were starting to enjoy it more and more. The children’s friends even thought it was cool, they would come over to Susan’s house to play games such as Scrabble or play music and sing. Susan kept a journal and published a book called â€Å"The winter of our disconnect†. Many adults were outraged by the experiment at first but now see how well it actually worked. Susan says that she actually bribed her children into the detox, she said that if she got the book published they would get a part of the money, but in the end it wasn’t needed as the kids enjoyed themselves and didn’t need all the electronics. Parents around the world are seeing this increasing amount of internet use negatively, many children are being addicted by gaming, and others are just wasting all their time on social networking sites instead of doing homework, working out or other more important things. Although parents agree that the internet makes life easier, most parent are also making restrictions to make sure their teenagers don’t abuse the internet. 30% of American parents believe that the media and the internet have no effect on their children. These parents will usually have little or no control over their teenagers, or the parents are simply teenagers themselves on the inside and use the social media sites as much as their children, making them think it is okay. Most teenagers know that they spend too much time online and know that it takes time away from doing homework etc. but most teenagers these days simply do not care. The schools aren’t as strict as they have been, so the young people don’t mind if they haven’t completed all of their homework. Of course that doesn’t mean that no teenagers do homework, but many more young people stay up late at night watching television or browsing the web, causing them to be unprepared and tired for school the next day. Physical contact is avoided more and more and teenagers communicate mostly by phone or the internet. As one of Susan Mausharts children said in an interview â€Å"Most of our plans are minute to minute and are made on Facebook. † This makes it harder for teenagers to stay off Facebook, as they do not want to miss anything, so the youngsters will stay online most of the time. American teenagers are on the internet or using electronic devices 8? hours on average, which is more time spent on the internet than time spent sleeping. This seems to become a problem for children as they become tired. At MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) teachers and professors are getting worried about their students engagement in school. They can see that the students aren’t fully concentrated on the teacher or the lesson. They sometimes check Facebook, read blogs or view Youtube videos. This is a problem as it takes more from the teachers side to obtain full attention, which means they have to do more work without getting paid more. The students at MIT themselves are under the impression that they can control it. That they can multitask, it is of their opinion that blocking sites such as Facebook or Twitter would only cause rage and would be of no help to the lectures. All in all parents and teenagers share some views while teachers have a totally different view on social networking. Most young people are aware of the problem but do nothing, while most parents put up time restrictions or such for their teenage children. The opinion of the teachers is that social networking should not be allowed in schools.

Types, causes, and advantages and disadvantages of monopolies

Types, causes, and advantages and disadvantages of monopolies Monopoly is the situation in which there is a single seller of a product (i.e., a good or service) for which there are no close substitutes. The word is derived from the Greek words monos (meaning one) and polein (meaning to sell). Governmental policy with regard to monopolies can have major effects not only on specific businesses and industries but also on the economy and society as a whole. Types Oligopoly: Is a situation in which sales of a product are dominated by a small number of a relatively large seller who is able to collectively exert control over its supply and prices. Cartel: Is a type of oligopoly in which a centralized institution exists for the purpose of coordinating the action of several independent suppliers of a product. The best example today is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Trust: Popular way to form monopolies in USA. This was an arrangement by which stockholders in several companies transferred their shared to a single set of trustees. In exchange, the stockholders received a certificate entitling them to a specified share of the consolidated earning of the jointly managed companies. The trust came to dominate a number of major industries (tobacco, sugar, etc.) Monopsony: Is the opposite of a conventional monopoly in the sense that there is only a single buyer or only one dominant buyer for a product for which there are multiple sellers. Some companies are both monopolies and monopsonies. By being also a monopsonist, a monopoly can increase its profits even further by putting pressure on the companies that supply inputs for its products to reduce their prices. Extreme cases Pure monopoly: One company has complete control over the supply or sales of a product for which there are no good substitutes. Perfect competition: There are many sellers of identical or virtually identical products. Causes of monopoly By developing or acquiring control over a unique product that is difficult or costly for others companies to copy. By having a lower production cost than competitors. By using various legal and illegal tactics (predatory tactics) By controlling a platform and using vendor lock-in. By receiving a government grant of monopoly status, becoming a government-granted monopoly. Advantages Despite their reputation for evil, monopolies can actually generate a net benefit for society under certain circumstances. These are usually situations in which the power and duration of the monopoly are carefully limited. Natural monopolies can be particularly beneficial. This is because of their ability to attain lower costs of production, often far lower, than would be possible with competitive firms producing the same product in the same region. However, it is almost always necessary for such monopolies to be regulated by a relatively uncorrupted government in order for society to obtain the potential benefits. This is because such monopolies by themselves, as is the case with all monopolies, have little incentive to charge prices close to cost and, rather, tend to charge profit-maximizing prices and restrict output. Likewise, there is often little incentive to pay much attention to quality. It has long been recognized that government-granted monopolies can benefit society as a whole by providing financial incentives to inventors, artists, composers, writers, entrepreneurs and others to innovate and produce creative works. In fact, the importance of establishing monopolies of limited duration for this purpose is even mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. Disadvantages Large monopolies have considerable potential to damage both economies and democratic governments and monopolists often go to extreme lengths to disguise or hide such harmful effects. Example The table below illustrates the case of monopoly. Marginal cost is the value of the additional resources needed to produce another unit of output. The marginal benefit to consumers is the price that consumers are willing to pay for each unit. You should recognize this column as a demand curve. The maximization principle tells us that the economically efficient amount to produce is five, the amount that gives consumers the greatest value. To produce the first unit, the firm takes resources that have a value of $5.00 and turns them into something with a value of $7.01. Because this transformation has increased value, producing the first unit is more economically efficient than producing none. By this logic, producing the sixth unit would decrease economic efficiency because the firm would take resources with a value of $5.00 and transform them into something with a value of only $4.51. The monopolist, however, will find it most profitable to produce only three units because it does not see marginal benefit the same way that buyers see it. For the seller, the extra benefit of the second unit is only $6.01. It sells the second unit for $6.51, but to sell the second unit, it had to reduce the price it charged by $.50. Thus, it lost $.50 on the first unit, so the net increase in its revenue was only $6.01. (You can get the same answer by computing a total revenue column and then calculating revenue increases.) In a similar manner, the rest of the fourth column can be obtained. Using the maximization principle, one can see that producing beyond the third unit is not in the interests of the firm. The fourth unit brings in added benefits of only $4.01 to the firm (it sells for $5.51, but to sell it, the firm lowers price by $.50 on three other units), but costs an added $5.00. From the point of view of the buyers, however, the fourth unit should be produced. It brings them added benefits of $5.51 and uses resources worth only $5.00.

Feelings in Anton Chekhovs The Bear :: The Bear Essays

"The Bear," which is a classic one-act play written 1900, is one of the great works of Anton Chekhov, which is very much about a widowed woman. The Bear can be regarded as a comedy since it is to give the audience entertainment and amusement. This comedy reveals the fine line between anger and passion. The theme is about a strange beginning of love between Mrs. Popov and Smirnov. It demonstrated that love changes all things it touches. Dialogue of the characters, the action of the characters, and the characters themselves shape the theme. Unbelievable actions and change in mood on the part of the characters show that love can sometimes come from an odd turn of events. Anton Chekhov?s classic play the bear revolves around two protagonists, Mrs. Popov and Grigory Stepanovich Smirnov. Mrs. Popov is a landowner and widow, who after seven months ago is still mourning her husband?s death and decided to isolate herself from the out side world and mourn until the day she dies. Grigory Sepanovich Smirnov is also a landowner, who lends money to Mr. Nikolai Popov before he died and he demands the debts be paid at once because his creditors after him. Smirnov insists, makes light of Popov?s mourning, and refuses to leave her house. Popov and Smirnov angrily fight with one another. Then Smirnov challenges Popov to a gunfight for insulting him and Popov brings out her husand?s pistols. At this point Smirnov realizes that he has fallen in love with Popov. At the end of the play, they end up in love and kiss each other. Dialogue would have to be the most unbelievable part of this play. As the play progress the dialogue changes from a respectful manner to yelling and mixed feelings coming from both of the character. For instance, in the early part of the play Mrs. Popov speaks to Mr. Smirnov with respect, ?You?ll receive you?re money the day after tomorrow,?(1096) she said with a respectful and polite tone. Later Mrs. Popov insulted and yells in this manner ?You?re nothing but a crude, bear! A brute! A monster!? (1101). At the end of play, she is confused for a moment, ?go away?.No, Get out, get out! I hate you! But- don?t go!?, but they end up in each other?s arms. The difference in the dialogue shows how love is having its effect on Mrs. Popov?s emotional control as her dialogue changes.

Underage Binge Drinking In UK Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this survey is for the author to research the authorities schemes in battling the lifting rates of minor orgy imbibing in the UK. The author will near this subject by briefly analyzing the prevalence, determiners, and effects of minor orgy imbibing. The author will besides critically analyse spreads in authorities schemes in undertaking minor imbibing and later explicate a policy intercession that would turn to the spreads highlighted. Ethical consideration of the policy intercession will besides be explored, and later contemplation and decision will shut the survey. There is no cosmopolitan definition of orgy imbibing, but it is frequently described as a form of inordinate consumption of intoxicant over a short period of clip ( Home Office Findings ( HOFs ) , 2005 ) . Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology ( POST ) ( 2005 ) expands this definition farther as such behavior that leads to a rapid addition in blood intoxicant concentration and accordingly to drunkenness. However, the author believes that orgy imbibing occurs when people have no bound of their intoxicant consumption within a short period ensuing in exposing themselves or/and other people to put on the line. Underage orgy imbibing continues to increase in the UK, although the figure of immature people aged 11 to 15 who drink intoxicant has fallen since 2001 ( National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , 2007 ) . However, those that drink intoxicant continue to imbibe more and more frequently ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to HOFs ( 2006 ) , the nature of offenses among elderly 10 to 17 during or after imbibing was associated with frequence of imbibing. Those that drink one time a hebdomad or more reported acquiring involved in statements ( 48 % ) , battles ( 19 % ) and condemnable harm offenses ( 12 % ) during or after imbibing compared to those that drink between one and three times a month ( 16 % , 6 % and 4 % severally ) . Another survey undertaken by The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs ( ESPAD ) has examined imbibing among representative samples of elderly 15 and 16 in the UK. In 2003 survey, UK was ranked as the 3rd most adolescent orgy drinkers out of 35 European states ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) . There are some effects of teenage orgy imbibing, and one of this is medical consequence. Binge imbibing causes encephalon harm that destroys the encephalon cells and grounds suggests that adolescent orgy drinkers are likely to see impaired memory and concluding accomplishments ( Institute of Alcohol Studies ( IAS ) , 2007 ) . Alcohol toxic condition is another common medical status among immature orgy drinkers. The hazard of cardiovascular, high blood pressure, shots, bosom diseases, psychological jobs, chest and unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases are ulterior effects of teenage imbibing on maturity ( IAS, 2007 ) . One of the economic deductions of orgy imbibing is the cost to the NHS, it is estimated that the cost of intoxicant injury to the NHS in England is ?2.7 billion ( 2006/07 ) as compared to ?1.7 billion in 2001/02 monetary values ( The Health and Social Care Information Centre ( THSCIC ) , 2009 ) . Other effects of minor orgy imbibing consequence in intoxicant related accidents. For illustration, in 2007, 6,541 deceases in England were straight related to alcohol ingestion and this has increased by 19 % between 2001 and 2007 ( THSCIC, 2009 ) . Besides, orgy imbibing consequences in insecure behavior such as sexual activities and other illicit drug usage, which is more outstanding with immature orgy drinkers ( IAS, 2007 ) .Determinants OF UNDERAGE BINGE DrinkingDahlgren and Whitehead ( 1991 ) ( see appendix ) formulated a utile model to intensively research the determiners of wellness. It is argued that public wellness is non chiefly the absence of diseases ( World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , 1948 ) but to advance ways of protracting people ‘s lives ( Acheson, 1988 ) through the complex interactions between societal and economic factors, the physical environment and single behavior every bit good as fixed factors such as age, sex and hereditary. The extremum of teenage orgy imbibing age seems to happen around elderly 15 and supra. HOFs ( 2006 ) reported that kids aged 16 to 17 reported holding had alcoholic drink in the old 12 months. This study shows the highest intoxicant ingestion ( 88 % ) between the age bracket as compared to kids aged 10 to 13 that have the lowest ( 29 % ) . Conversely, kids aged 15 to 16 were used in ESPAD ‘s survey, which shows high rate of underage orgy imbibing in the UK among these age bracket ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) . HOFs ( 2005 ) reported that immature males are likely to gorge drink ( 49 % ) than immature females ( 39 % ) . However, Hibell et Al. ( 2004 ) argued that UK imbibing civilization seems to be switching from immature males devouring intoxicant far more than immature females because figures show that in the UK, Ireland and Isle of Man, adolescent misss are more likely than teenage male childs to hold consumed intoxicant in orgies ( Velleman, 2009 ) . Griffith ( 2000 ) suggested that imbibing has been reported as being portion of British imbibing civilization for coevalss. Plant and works ( 2006 ) argued that most people in the UK drink alcoholic drinks and the negative effects of this imbibing are clearly a large job. The imbibing forms are extremely influenced by national civilization ( Velleman, 2009 ) . For illustration, in Mediterranean civilization, immature people are most likely to imbibe and imbibe more frequently and ne'er caused public inebriation ( Velleman, 2009 ) whereas in northern European, imbibing is characterised by inordinate imbibing but less frequent and heavier when it does happen ( IAS, 2007 ) . Parental influence was critically explored by Velleman et Al. ( 2005 ) of which household construction was one of the countries where households can act upon their bush leagues ‘ substance use behavior. Hellandsjo Bu et Al. ( 2002 ) stated that kids imbibing at a younger age from single-parent households have limited household support. Steinberg et Al. ( 1994 ) argued that non-separated parents who expect a batch from their kids and supply a sense of self-efficacy tend to hold kids who are less likely to be misapplying intoxicant. Environmental factor such as advertizement ( direct and indirect ) is another factor act uponing minor orgy imbibing. Anderson & A ; Baumberg ( 2006 ) and Hastings ( 2007 ) have suggested in their reappraisal that intoxicant advertisement and selling are important factors in the rise in intoxicant ingestion by immature people. In contrast, intoxicant and advertisement industries argued that as the alcoholic drink is a legal merchandise it should be lawfully possible for it to be advertised ( IAS, 2008 ) . Other determiners are the influence of equal force per unit area ( Velleman, 2009 ) and socio-economic factors ( Measham, 1996 ) every bit good as single factors ( Ryan, 2005 In IAS, 2007 ) such as unprompted personality traits, populating off from place and to greater richness, and increase in orgy imbibing for those who have weak wellness beliefs.Current GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND BINGE DrinkingThe four states that constitute UK responded to ways in which lifting rate of orgy imbibing could be controlled. In England, authorities published a policy papers in 2004 on Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England ( Cabinet Office Prime Minister ‘s Strategy Unit, 2004 ) . This scheme sets out to turn to better instruction and communicating to accomplish a long term alteration in attitudes to irresponsible imbibing. It besides focuses on better wellness and intervention systems to better early designation and intervention of intoxicant jobs every bit good as to battle intoxicant rela ted offense and working with the intoxicant industry to construct on the good pattern of bing enterprises and develop new 1s. Finally, the new licensing jurisprudence that allows 24 hr entree to intoxicant was introduced by the authorities in November 2005 ( Department for Culture, Media & A ; Sport, 2005 ) . The authorities step to undertake orgy imbibing focuses on injury minimization but failed to turn to the handiness of intoxicant through its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence and affordability ( POST, 2005 ) . The current licensing jurisprudence harmonizing to the authorities tends to cut down the pattern of stashing intoxicant merely before the shutting hours and besides cut downing the Numberss of people hotfooting into the street to buy intoxicant. The Royal College of Physician ( RCP ) strongly disagreed with authorities policy on its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence. It was suggested that this will increase the overall ingestion of intoxicant and will hold public wellness deductions ( POST, 2005 ) . Government argued that its intoxicant licensing jurisprudence will cut down offense and anti-social behavior and promote a alteration in UK imbibing civilization ( POST, 2005 ) . Following the grounds presented above about the effect of orgy imbibing in the UK, it is clear that more dependa ble and grounds based solutions need to be put in topographic point because the authorities is trusting to control intoxicant related offense instead than seting scheme that would control the overall ingestion of intoxicant in order to safeguard the wellness of the people in general. The authorities policy on intoxicant seems to belie the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion ( OCHP ) which suggests that all public policies should be examined for its impact on wellness ( WHO, 1986 ) which seems to hold been overlooked by the authorities. Furthermore, the Numberss of people sing intoxicant related injury continue to increase in the UK. For illustration, the Numberss of people deceasing from alcoholic liver diseases are increasing in England and Wales ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . The author feels that if the scheme to control the overall ingestion of intoxicant could be put in topographic point, it will certainly advance what the authorities is trusting to accomplish. Peoples should be entitled to good wellness and what orgy imbibing is doing in the UK is beliing what a good wellness should be. WHO ( 1948 ) defines wellness as a province of complete physical, mental and societal wellbeing but non needfully absence of disease. Alma-Ata declaration argued that people should hold entree to healthcare at a cost that is low-cost and people going the ownership of their attention ( WHO, 1978 ) . It besides argued that wellness should be a cardinal human right and non a privilege. The authorities ‘s scheme on orgy imbibing seems to miss public wellness benefits as it contradicts Alma-Ata declaration of what a good wellness should be for the people.POLICY INTERVENTIONHarmonizing to Stevenson et Al. ( 2002, p.533 ) policy is ‘a class of action adopted or proposed by an organisation or individual ‘ . However, the author argued that a policy is a set of regulation or guideline that is specifically drafted for a peculiar intent for an person, administration or state to follow. The author will therefore focal point on beef uping the current authorities scheme as this scheme appears non to be battling adolescent orgy imbibing in the UK. The author aims to suggest a policy to cut down 24 hours entree to alcohol ( licencing jurisprudence ) to a restricted clip graduated table and to increase intoxicant revenue enhancements as ways of pull offing the handiness of intoxicant and to cut down early intoxicant imbibing. These thoughts are good supported by RCP, British Medical Association, and Academy of Medical Sciences ( POST, 2005 ) . Presently in the UK, the legal imbibing age is 18 old ages ( Office of communications, 2004 ) and the author is suggesting that the age should be increased to 21 in order to cut down teenage imbibing at early age and its associated injury. There has been a argument in the Australian media proposing increasing the legal age of intoxicant ingestion from 18 to 21 old ages ( Toumbourou, et Al. 2008 ) . Several surveies conducted in the yesteryear suggested that raising the age would cut down striplings ‘ entree to alcohol and subsequent associated injuries ( Grube, 1997 ; Ludbrook et al. , 2002 ) . Lowering the legal imbibing age from 20 to 18 in New Zealand is reported to hold resulted in a crisp addition in teenage and grownups binge imbibing ( Everitt & A ; Jones, 2002 ) . The author feels that if this attack is embraced, it will curtail entree to alcohol among elderly 18 to 21 which will partially cut down rate of imbibing. However, this action on its ain will non decide the or gy imbibing and all its associated injury. NICE ( 2007 ) produces public wellness guidelines on reasonable intoxicant ingestion for usage in primary and secondary schools in order to undertake the imbibing job among the immature people. The policy besides sets to supply support for intoxicant imbibing parents. It appears that authorities is seeking their best to control the lifting rate of underage imbibing in the UK. However, the author feels that sophisticated intoxicant consciousness programmes should be made available to the parents through their General Practitioners ( GPs ) . There is no modus operandi on intoxicant consciousness programme for the parents through their GPs and what appears to be available through the GP is to offer support when intoxicant is going or had become a job. There is a demand for everyday based intoxicant consciousness for the imbibing parents in all the GP surgeries. This thought is good supported by OCHP which focuses on assisting people develop their accomplishments in order to be in contro l of their lives and have more power in determinations that affect them ( WHO, 1986 ) . In making this, parents will be able to give advise on intoxicant imbibing as they will take by illustration by non imbibing or carrying intoxicant drinks in the house. Evidence shows that parents are likely to act upon their kids through their imbibing behavior ( Bandura 1977, In Velleman, 2009 ) . The author is besides suggesting that all alcohol related adverts ( direct or indirect ) should be ban in the UK because a recent reappraisal of seven international research surveies revealed that there is a correlativity between anterior intoxicant advertisement and selling exposure and subsequent intoxicant imbibing behavior in immature people ( Smith & A ; Foxcroft, 2007 ) . Taking actions on intoxicant advertizement in order to safeguard the hereafter of bush leagues are good supported by WHO ‘s European Charter on intoxicant. It addresses the European states to take action on intoxicant advertizement of which forbiddance was portion of the recommendations that were highlighted ( IAS, 2008 ) . However, the author is cognizant that this attack might non be in favor of the UK economic system because alcohol investors may go forth or non put in such state where publicity of their intoxicant merchandise can non be advertised. The author believes that overall wellness of the peo ple should outweigh such economic job. Last, the author is suggesting that a step such as presenting a national individuality card for its citizens with a position that this card will be used at the point of intoxicant purchase in order to maintain a record of authorities recommended ( THSCIC, 2009 ) daily alcohol consumption ( 3-4 and 2-3 units for work forces and adult females severally ) for an person who uses his/her card. This proposal will be monitored in relation to daily intoxicants intake should people get down to stash intoxicant. This proposal will besides restrict intoxicant entree to the bush leagues as grounds suggests they still have entree to alcohol despite authorities policy ( HOFs, 2006 ) .Ethical CONSIDERATIONThis survey considers the four widely accepted ethical rules ( Beauchamp & A ; Childress, 1995 ) which are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justness. This survey will promote the minor people to do picks based on the information provided. The right information will be passed to them and will be allowed to do their informed determinations. The survey is besides constructed in a manner that is good to minor people, household and society at big. The confidentiality and regard of the people will be maintained. Last, the author will guarantee that people are treated reasonably and the resources will be shared every bit among those that need support.ContemplationMy apprehension of public wellness and application of theory into pattern has developed to a considerable degree during the class of this survey. This survey seems to be complex and necessitating in-depth cognition and apprehension of public wellness pattern. With equal homos and material resources obtained, I was able to bring out troubles that were ab initio apparent. This survey has given acceptance to the spreads that sometimes occur in authorities scheme to battle a job. I am cognizant that for an issue such as minor orgy imbibing to be revisited on the public docket, there may be a demand to recommend and intercede between different involvements for the chase of wellness of the people in the society. Such manner is achieved through media, advertisement to raise public consciousness, personal entreaties by public functionaries and famous persons and many other attacks ( Pencheon et al. , 2006 ) . Although this is non a warrant that such issues will derive public docket but it is suggested that public sentiment has its greatest impact on authorities decision-making when people feel strongly and clearly about a job ( Pencheon et al. , 2006 ) .DecisionThis survey has attempted to research the lifting rate of underage orgy imbibing by critically measuring the authorities steps in undertaking the job, with raised and explored policy intercessions in order to turn to spreads in authorities scheme. It is hoped that the policy intercessions would turn to the overall intoxicant ingestion instead than aiming merely the intoxicant orgy drinkers.MentionsAcheson, D. ( 1988 ) . Public Health in England. London: HMSO. Anderson, P. & A ; Baumberg, B. ( 2006 ) Alcohol in Europe, a public wellness position: A study for the European Commission. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies Bandura, A. ( 1977 ) . Cited In: Velleman, R. erectile dysfunction. Influence on how kids and immature people learn about and act towards intoxicant. A reappraisal of the literature for the literature for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( portion one ) . York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12563/1/JRF_children-alcohol-use-partone_2009.pdf Beauchamp, T. L. & A ; Childress, J. F. ( 1995 ) . Principles of biomedical moralss. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cabinet Office Prime Minister ‘s Strategy ( 2004 ) . The Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England. London: Cabinet Office. Dahlgren, G & A ; Whitehead, M ( 1991 ) . Policies and schemes to advance societal equity in wellness ( Roneo ) . Capital of sweden: Institute for Future Studies. Department for Culture, Media & A ; Sport ( 2005 ) New Licensing Laws Come into Effect at Midnight Tonight. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 26th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/3023.aspx Everitt, R. & A ; Jones, P. ( 2002 ) . Changing the minimal legal imbibing age.its consequence on a cardinal metropolis exigency section. New Zealand Medical Journal 115 ( 25 ) , pp. 9-11 Grube, J. ( 1997 ) . Preventing gross revenues of intoxicant to bush leagues. Consequences from a community test. Addiction 92 ( 2 ) , pp.251-260. Hastings, G. ( 2007 ) Social marketing.why should the Satans have all the best melodies? London: Butterworth-Heinemann Hellandsjo Bu, E. T. , Watten, R. G. , Foxcroft, D. R. , Ingebrigtsen, J. E. & A ; Relling, G. ( 2002 ) . Teenage intoxicant and poisoning introduction: the impact of household socialisation factors, populating country and engagement in organized athleticss. Alcohol and Alcoholism 37, pp.74-80 Hibell, B. , Andersson, B. , Bjarnason, T. , Ahlstrom, S. , Balakireva, O. , Kokkevi, A. and Morgan, M. ( 2004 ) . The ESPAD Report 2003. Alcohol and other Drug usage among Students in 35 European Countries. Capital of sweden: Swidish Council for Information on Alcohol and other Drugs. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sedqa.gov.mt/pdf/information/reports_intl_espad2003.pdf HM Government ( 2007 ) . Cited In: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. erectile dysfunction. Interventions in schools to forestall and cut down intoxicant usage among kids and immature people. [ Online ] . Retrived on 20th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nice.org.uk/PH007 Home Office Findings ( 2005 ) . Findingss from the 2003 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. alcohol-related offense and upset. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 15th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/r261.pdf Home Office Findings ( 2006 ) Underage imbibing: findings from the 2004 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 15th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/r277.pdf Institute of Alcohol Studies ( 2007 ) . Binge Drinking. Medical and Social Consequences. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/binge_drinkingmed.pdf Institute of Alcohol Studies ( 2008 ) . Alcohol & A ; Advertising. IAS Factsheet. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 13th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/advertising.pdf Ludbrook, A. , Godfrey, C. , Wyness, L. , Parrot, S. , Haw, S. , Napper, M. & A ; Teijlingen, V. ( 2002 ) . Effective and cost effectual steps to cut down intoxicant abuse in Scotland. A literature reappraisal. Scotland: University of York. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 20th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/health/alcoholproblems/docs/lire-00.asp Measham, F. ( 1996 ) . The â€Å" large knock † attack to sessional imbibing. altering forms of intoxicant ingestion among immature people in North West England. Addiction Research 4 ( 3 ) , pp.283-299 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( 2007 ) Interventions in schools to forestall and cut down intoxicant usage among kids and immature people. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 20th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nice.org.uk/PH007 Office of Communications ( 2004 ) . Final revised alcohol advertisement regulations. London: Ofcom. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 2nd January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/AlcAds/decision/rules.pdf Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology ( 2005 ) Postnote. Binge Drinking and Public Health. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 2nd January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/postpn244.pdf Pencheon, D. , Guest, C. , Melzer, D. & A ; Gray, J. A. M. ( eds. ) . ( 2006 ) . Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Plant, M. & A ; Plant, M. ( 2006 ) . Binge Britain. Alcohol and the National Response. New York: Oxford University Press. Ryan, F. ( 2005 ) . Cited In: Institute of Alcohol Studies. erectile dysfunction. Binge Drinking – Nature, Prevalence and Causes. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/binge_drinking.pdf Smith, L. A & A ; Foxcroft, D. R. ( 2007 ) . The consequence of intoxicant advertisement and selling on imbibing behavior in immature people. A systematic reappraisal. London: Alcohol Education and Research Council. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aerc.org.uk/documents/pdfs/finalReports/AERC_FinalReport_0040.pdf Steinberg, L. , Fletcher, A. & A ; Darling, N. ( 1994 ) . Parental monitoring and equal influences on stripling substance usage. Pediatricss 93 ( 6 pt 2 ) , 1060-1064 Stevenson, A. ( ed. ) , Elliott, J. ( ed. ) , Jones, R. ( ed. ) . ( 2002 ) . 2nd erectile dysfunction. Colour Oxford English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press. The Health and Social Care Information Centre. ( 2009 ) . NHS. The Information Centre. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 30th November 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/alcoholeng2009/Final % 20Format % 20draft % 202009 % 20v7.pdf Toumbourou, J. , Moodie, R. , Eyre, J. & A ; Harper, T. ( 2008 ) . Set boundaries, set an illustration. Australia: Fairfax. Velleman, R. ( 2009 ) . Influence on how kids and immature people learn about and act towards intoxicant. A reappraisal of the literature for the literature for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( portion one ) . York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12563/1/JRF_children-alcohol-use-partone_2009.pdf Velleman, R. , Templeton, L. & A ; Copello, A. ( 2005 ) . The function of the household in preventing and step ining with substance usage and abuse. A comprehensive reappraisal of household intercessions with a focal point on immature people. Drug & A ; Alcohol Review 24, pp.93-109 World Health Organisation ( 1948 ) . WHO definition for wellness. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 10th January 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html World Health Organisation ( 1978 ) . Alma-Ata declaration. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 11th November 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/declaration_almaata.pdf World Health Organisation ( 1986 ) . 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12 Examples of Chemical Energy

12 Examples of Chemical Energy Chemical energy is the energy stored within chemicals, which makes it energy inside atoms and molecules. Most often, its considered the energy of chemical bonds, but the term also includes energy stored in the electron arrangement of atoms and ions. Its a form of potential energy that you wont observe until a reaction occurs. Chemical energy can be changed into other forms of energy through chemical reactions or chemical changes. Energy, often in the form of heat, is absorbed or released when chemical energy is converted to another form. Chemical Energy Examples Chemical energy is a form of potential energy found within chemical bonds, atoms, and subatomic particles.Chemical energy can be observed and measured only when a chemical reaction occurs.Any matter considered to be a fuel contains chemical energy.The energy can be released or absorbed. For example, combustion releases more energy than is needed to initiate the reaction. Photosynthesis absorbs more energy than it releases. Examples of Chemical Energy Basically, any compound contains chemical energy that can be released when its chemical bonds are broken. Any substance that can be used as a fuel contains chemical energy. Examples of matter containing chemical energy include: Coal: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and heat.Wood: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and heat.Petroleum: Can be burned to release light and heat or changed into another form of chemical energy, such as gasoline.Chemical batteries: Store chemical energy to be changed into electricity.Biomass: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and heat.Natural gas: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and heat.Food: Digested to convert chemical energy into other forms of energy used by cells.Cold packs: Chemical energy is absorbed in a reaction.Propane: Burned to produce heat and light.Hot packs: Chemical reaction produces heat or thermal energy.Photosynthesis changes solar energy into chemical energy.Cellular respiration is a set of reactions that changes chemical energy in glucose into chemical energy in ATP, a form our bodies can use. Source Schmidt-Rohr, Klaus. Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O2. Journal of Chemical Education.

Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California

Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California The quest to offer solutions to challenges caused by urban coyote (Canis latrans) in Southern California faces many issues including the environment of habitation, coyote behavior as well as human behavior and laws. Baker and Timm (1998) focus on urban coyote conflict. Nevertheless, discussions on types of efficient control processes and related challenges are minimal.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some common conflicts in urban regions include destroying property, harassing pets, bullying or assaulting humans and exhibiting daring or violent behavior. Growing urbanization is gradually making human interest to be at conflict with wildlife. The rising amount of conflicts between humans and coyotes in these regions is a wide topic of discussion. This paper discusses how habitats, laws, human and coyote behavior intera ct in finding solutions to urban conflict. Habitats Southern California rests in California’s South mountains and Coast regions. The region has home densities that range from 0.0/km2 in rural surroundings to 140/km2 in urban areas (Baker Timm, 1998). Consistent with definition, rural regions are those that produce farmyields and livestock. Main types of plants include oak, grasslands, lower chaparral and riparian woodlands.Cyclic alterations in rain, winters, summers and little changes in yearly temperatures typify this climate. Such conditions and habitats sustain animals that serve as food to coyotes. Growth has formed regions of urban-wild land interface, which form the margin between urban and rural regions. As residences and urbanization go on to augment, the margin persists to enlarge. Urban habitats comprise parks, drainages, and gardens that that reside near houses. Human Actions The behavior of humans has a noteworthy role in forming and resolving conflict between p eople and wildlife. Long ago, the issue of wildlife conflict was only in rural environments. At that time, the federal agencies and the state defended harvestable resources and domestic animals. Currently, we recognize that wildlife conflict exists in both rural and urban settings and human behavior has a significant role in wildlife relations.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wildlife, whether in urban or urban-rural interface regions, offers noteworthy value to people. Nevertheless, habituation of wildlife to humans produces animals that can be more treacherous than those in the rural areas can. Habituation stem from acceptance of coyotes and the nonexistence of negative reinforcement. Several people, innocently or knowingly, allow coyotes to subsist and be close to their homes and pets through offering food or secluded habitat fragments in urban settin g. Certain human actions that manipulate human-coyote associations include open space organization, pet husbandry processes and refuse management. Some human beings deliberately nourishing coyotes have as well been associated to several coyote issues, as well as human assaults. A significant aspect is how humans react to coyotes when they come across them in urban areas or beside the urban-rural interface regions. Unless coyotes receive negative reinforcement, they will start to perceive these experiences in a positive manner, thus losing their usual human fear and their innate foraging behaviors. These cultured actions and adaptation to people may be transmitted to young that are brought up in urban areas. Wherever a number or all of these human behaviors fail to be fully addressed, coyotes will exploit any resources they require to exist, causing possible conflicts. Baker and Timm (1998) explain that the majority coyotes in urban settings have stopped seeing people as enemies. Rat her, coyotes view human as a good food source. Coyotes’ capability to adjust to actions of people has played a central role in making animas to end fear for belief animals. The persistent attrition of the human-wild animal division refers to taming, which seeks to eradicate human trepidation in coyotes. Taming form a situation of adoption of people into the social ring of wild animals and this is likely to pose human danger, in the end.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The growing urban-rural interface associated with human expansion has offered an outsized environment for coyotes, which are a source of major conflicts. The rural-urban interface offers security and food resources for coyotes, since they can enter and leave the habitat with no difficulties. Besides, it is the swiftest growing habitat (Fedriani e t al. 2001). Features of the landscape in this habitat have water, food, cover, and these draw many animals that act as food for coyotes. This forms synthetically enlarged inhabitants of indigenous and non- indigenous species including gophers, rabbits and earth squirrels, all of which are good food sources for the urban coyote. Equally, food objects like small cats and wind-fallen fruits serve as great meals for the coyates. Laws and Regulations Some bodies that have participated in making laws include the California State Legislature, California voters, as well as the California Fish and Game Commission. These bodies have had vital roles in making a varied set of regulations and policies that concern the control of coyotes and all marauders in California. A noteworthy aspect of these bodies is California’s suggestion for a triumphant measure, which adjusted both Fish and Game regulations and state statutes. Regulatory changes and legislative proceedings, especially those as sociated to increased fortification of definite wildlife species and the elimination of wildlife damage control techniques have had a major effect on coyote conflict resolution. Coyote Behavior Coyotes prefer to live in natural habitats but they also adapt to urban environments easily. Coyotes feed at night and rest during the day. According to Tigas (2002), coyotes decrease activity during the day more in urban settings than in rural areas, where there is reduced human activity. The agility of coyotes allows them to succeed and thrive in almost all natural and artificial environments in southern California. Damage Resource management groups assume the responsibility of eliminating coyotes lethally. Nevertheless, inside wildlife groups there are many variable construes of what constitutes a human health and safety assault. The question is whether when a coyote moves toward humans is classified as a human health and safety matter, or whether all assaults on pets are a human health an d safety happening. Another question that comes up is whether the attack has to cause damage.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An additional human pressure is how the public at large and neighbors respond to an assault. Riley and Decker (2000) explain that wildlife in the backyard is endured until a beast sprays the city clerk, or an influential individual catches Lyme infection from tick-infested animal; then, elimination is ordered instantly. Carrying out coyote damage control in urban regions requires lots of time. It could take a number of weeks or months for the felonious coyote to go back to the region where apparatus have been positioned. Techniques used in managing coyotes in urban-suburban regions differ greatly, depending on the circumstances and setting. Within California, these consist of traps, gunfire such as 12 gauge shotguns, spotlighting and calling using electronic or manual techniques. Cage traps have served the purpose on several occasions, although they do not represent the most efficient way of coyote control. The use of these approaches in urban/suburban regions should be carried out with great secrecy and proficiency, maintaining the public’s security as a theme of highest significance. Technology California has a fact sheet through its wildlife service program aimed at helping homeowners in urban regions find solutions to coyote problems. Besides, The California Department of Fish and Game steers a campaigns through similar brochures. records from the wildlife service department show that the three most frequent solutions given to humans facing urban-suburban coyote issues are those allied with eradicating either direct or indirect wildlife feed harassment of coyotes and exclusion method. The majority urban-suburban coyote challenges can be solved by chasing them afar from their item of attraction, eradicating the item of attraction, or removing what they are attracted to and denying them the right to access items that attract them. Direct control Various conflicts call for larger attention, either because of the absence of success in executing technica l assistance suggestions, or to a more solemn increasing coyote conduct caused by several human pressures or actions. Additionally, several conflicts such as attack on a person are further serious, thus calling for direct attention to resolve the issue. In these circumstances, the wildlife service will take direct control as the primary alternative. Nonetheless, when the verdict is made to control coyotes directly, the service often offers technical assistance to aid in avoiding problems in the prospect. This is achievable through group conferences with homeowner associations, face-to-face conferences with inhabitants, as well as, allocation of fact sheets and other copies, The rising dollar, level of damage and number of coyotes captured by direct control show the need for sustained and insistent public audience. Technical support does give approaches and recommendations to lessen conflicts. Nevertheless, the suggestions must receive support from the affected. Measures of direct co ntrol and call for technical support will persist as long as the conflict between humans and coyotes lives. Thus, certain policies and procedures should be established and pursued by all administrators when handling conflicts that are thought to have public concerns. Government representatives have to be well informed when instituting such policies, and they ought to seek to comprehend the intricacies of coyote management in the contradictory urban environments. The absence of societal outreach and definite policies will eventually bring about further eliminations of coyotes. In conclusion, coyote is in much conflict with human beings. Some common conflicts in urban regions include destroying property, harassing pets, bullying or assaulting humans and exhibiting daring or violent behavior. These conflicts arise from habituation of coyotes to human beings. Some human beings deliberately nourishing coyotes have as well been associated to several coyote issues, as well as human assault s. Unless coyotes receive negative reinforcement, they will start to perceive these experiences in a positive manner, thus losing their usual human fear and their innate foraging behaviors. Several legal and security matters must be well thought-out before selecting alternatives for coyote control. Specialists in the wild life sector are familiar with state and federal polices and laws concerning the use of discriminating apparatus while carrying out coyote conflict management. Nonetheless, human actions including proposition, codes, and regulations have cased eradication of some methods or stern limitations on their use. Oral Presentation My topic focuses on coyotes as an environmental concern in Southern California. The quest to offer solutions to challenges caused by urban coyote (Canis latrans) in Southern California faces many issues including the environment of habitation, coyote behavior as well as human actions and laws. Let us focus at each one of these in turn. Habitation Growth has formed regions of urban-wild land interface, which form the margin between urban and rural regions. As residences and urbanization go on to augment, the margin persists to enlarge. Urban habitats comprise parks, uncovered spaces, drainages, and gardens that have homes and other developments as their surroundings. Human Actions Habituation of wildlife to humans produces animals that can be more treacherous than those in the rural areas can. Several people, innocently or knowingly, allow coyotes to subsist and be close to their homes and pets through offering food or secluded habitat fragments in urban setting. Certain human actions that manipulate human-coyote associations include open space organization, pet husbandry processes and refuse management. Laws Regulatory changes and legislative proceedings, especially those associated to increased fortification of definite wildlife species and the elimination of wildlife damage control techniques have had a major effect on coy ote conflict resolution. Some bodies that have participated in making laws include the California State Legislature, California voters, as well as the California Fish and Game Commission. Coyote Behavior Coyotes prefer to live in natural habitats but they also adapt to urban environments easily. The agility of coyotes allows them to succeed and thrive in almost all natural and artificial environments in southern California. Solutions To solve these problems, technology and direct control methods are useful. California has a fact sheet through its wildlife service program aimed at helping homeowners in urban regions find solutions to coyote problems. Besides, the wildlife service should take direct control as the primary alternative through group conferences with homeowner associations. References Baker, R.O., Timm, R.M. (1998). Management of conflicts between urban coyotes and humans in southern California. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Fedriani, J.M., Fuller, T.K., Sauva jot, R.M.( 2001). Does the availability of anthropogenic food enhance densities of omnivorous mammals? An example with coyotes in southern California. Ecography, 24, 325-331. Riley, S.J., A., Decker, D.J. (2000). Risk perception as a factor in wildlife stakeholder acceptance capacity for cougars in Montana. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 5, 50-62. Tigas, L.A. (2002). Behavioral responses of bobcats and coyotes to habitat fragmentation and corridors in an urban environment. Biological Conservation, 108, 299-306.

Writing Contest with Cash Prizes

Writing Contest with Cash Prizes ATTENTION ALL WRITERS! Summer has arrived, and this means our essay writing contest is now open for your submissions! The contest is international, so participants from any country are welcome! Visit the contest page for all the guidelines and submission details. Deadline August 1, 2014. Selected winner and runners-up will be announced on August 4, 2014. Win Cash Prizes $250 for the winner $100 for the first runner up $100 for the second runner up Spread the word about the contest to your friend authors who may be interested. We look forward to reading your submissions. Best of luck and happy writing!

Financial Markets and Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Markets and Institutions - Essay Example (Govori, 2005) The financial market is divided between investors and financial institutions. Financial institutions are organizations, which act as agents, brokers, and intermediaries in financial transactions - usually a bank that keeps custody of an investment or assets. Agents and brokers contract on behalf of others while intermediaries sell for their own account. For example, a stockbroker buys and sells stocks for us as our agent, but a savings and loan borrows our money (savings account) and lends it to others (mortgage loan). The stockbroker is classified as an agent and broker, and savings and loan is called a financial intermediary. Brokers and savings and loans, like all financial institutions, buy and sell securities, but they are classified separately, because the primary activity of brokers is buying and selling rather than buying and holding an investment portfolio. Financial institutions are classified according to their primary activity, although they frequently engage in overlapp ing activities. The types of instruments exchanged in financial markets include promissory notes, commercial bills or bank-accepted bills. Other types of securities include treasury notes issued by a government, commercial papers and certificates of deposits. Why do we need financial markets and institutions One of the indicative signs of a robust economy is a dynamic exchange or circulation of money by business and government activities. This is where the financial markets play a significant role. Financial markets facilitate the movement of funds from those who save money (meaning idle money) to those who invest money in capital assets. Financial markets mobilize funds and reallocate them to uses that generate better returns than can be achieved by the holders of the funds through securities traded in the financial markets. Simplistically, they provide a convenient place where savers can safely invest excess money and consumers can easily borrow funds and be used for various purposes to further fuel the economy of a nation. What role do they play in a nation's economy The financial markets and institutions play a number of important roles in the financial system. The financial markets price funds so that businesses and governments can make rational economic allocations of capital. Business and/or government may decide upon a time pattern for expenditures that does not necessarily coincide with their current or expected income flows. Financial markets allow time adjustments in the payments for goods. Without them, there would be no opportunity to earn interest on savings, and expenditures would be limited to current receipts and cash. Savings allows many consumers to postpone consumption and to receive returns from investments. Another important function of financial markets is that it distributes economic risks. On a larger scale, the financial markets transfer the massive risks from people actually performing the work to savers who accept the risk of an uncertain return. The chance of failure for a $500 million computer chips manufacturer may be divided among thousands of investors living and working all over the world. If the computer chips business fails, each investor loses only part of his or her

Law Essay - Criminal Law Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law - Criminal Law - Essay Example Therefore in respect of the facts at hand unless a case beyond reasonable is made in respect of John he would be deemed to be innocent. (Woolmington v. DPP)1 (Oremond et al, 2011) On the basis of the above discussion it is important to bear in mind that criminal liability would accrue if the offence is proved beyond reasonable doubt and the burden of proof vests with the prosecution. An important principle that is also laid down is that the actus reus and mens rea of the offence must coincide, however the courts have adopted a broad approach in respect of the same. (Clarkson et al, 2010) In respect of proving an offence the requirement is that of actus reus, mens rea and the absence of any defence (Lord Diplock in R v Miller). There has been an important requirement that actus reus and mens rea need to coincide, however it is pertinent to mention that the said requirement has been interpreted broadly. (Fagan v. Commissioner of Police)2. A situation where it was found that the actus r eus and mens rea had coincided was that the conduct of the defendant created a situation of danger (R v. Miller)3. (Oremond et al, 2011) The actus reus of an offence is usually satisfied when a positive act is committed. There has often been the requirement that the act that has been committed must be voluntary, as was defined by Lord Denning that ‘No act is punishable if it is done involuntarily, and an involuntary act in this context...means an act which is done by the muscles without any control by the mind such as spasm, a reflex action or a convulsion; or an act done by a person who is not conscious of what he is doing such as an act done whilst suffering from concussion or whilst sleepwalking...’ (Bratty v Attorney General for Northern Ireland)4 . Thus the act of the defendant must therefore be voluntary and a wilful movement of body. (Simester et al 2009), The second element is that of mens rea which deals with the state of mind of the accused. The criteria for m ens rea has been developed and is ongoing for a number of years and the cases that were decided upon took into consideration the intention, subjective recklessness, objective recklessness, lacuna etc. (Simester et al 2009), As far as mens is concerned the current situation is that of Woollin5 and R v. G which has been attained after refining of the original test for intention. Thus the test is that there must either be direct intent that is the defendant had intended a result by committing the particular act; or oblique intent that is the result may have been that which was a virtually certain consequence of the act. (Oremond et al, 2011) The issue in respect of the liability that requires an evaluation is that whether in respect of the facts at hand there is an element of causation which would break the chain of causation. The test of causation first deals with factual issues that is would the harm have occurred but for the action of the defendant, this is what is known as the â₠¬Ëœbut for’ test (R v. White)6. It is evident by the facts that the act of John had led to the harm and so the ‘but for’ test proves the fact that the harm was in fact caused by John. The second issue requires determination of legal causation that is whether the acts of John were the substantial and the operating cause

Bottled water vs. tap water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bottled water vs. tap water - Essay Example No longer a luxury item, the beverage has become a common sight worldwide.† (Owen, 2006). However, the author, Ann Pietrangelo of the text, Bottled Water vs. Tap Water: Which is really safer? raises question on how clean and hygienic is the bottled water, when compared to the tap water and gives the answer that the bottled water is not at all better than the tap water, and in some cases could be even inferior to the tap water. The text written was by Ann Pietrangelo in July 2009 and was featured under the section, Healthy reform policy in the website Care2.com, which mainly focuses on environmental and health issues. While ‘googling’ about the topic, Bottled Water vs. Tap Water, this website or webpage came as the second web entry or result, and appeared as the apt text for this topic and paper. In the initial part of the text itself, the author starts to spell out the argument that bottled water does not any safe qualities, and it is same or even inferior to the tap water. By using data from another website, FoodandWaterWatch.org, the author argues that with tap water being regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local governments, and bottled water being regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, there are clear evidences to show that bottled water is not effectively tested and so it is not better than the tap water. Author Pietrangelo first points out the basic point, which is 40 percent of bottled water originates only from the tap, with some minerals added and some extra filtration done. She provides this fact to send the message to the readers that bottled water is just another version of the tap water, without any major differences, quality wise. Then she provides some more facts, to justify that tap water is more clean and hygienic than th e bottled water, as the tap water has to conform various rules and tests under different conditions and standards. She states that tap water is not permitted to contain E. coli

Human resources case 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human resources case 2 - Essay Example Previously the company only provided a few health care programs to its employees. This has lowered the cost of benefits for the company to a certain extent. Currently the company is offering four different health care plans to its employees. This flexibility allows the employees to choose a health care plan that suits their personal needs. Offering multiple health care plans has proven cost effective for FedEx because not all employees need an extensive health care plan. Some employees will be happy to take a limited health care plan and will be happy to take more of their income to home. The flexibility offered by the company will allow them to customize their health care plans and to decide how much income they want to set aside for health care plan. Employees who would choose programs that offer less coverage will only be eligible for a limited number of benefits. This will drive down the cost of the firm. Previously the firm offered a few health care plans to its employees. This made employees obligated to have benefits that might not be suited to them. This also increased the cost of health care benefits because the firm was more exposed. Firm had to provide the same level of benefits to all of its employees. By offering different health care coverage plans, the firm has made itself less exposed to risk because some people would choose a plan that offers less health care benefits which will reduce the liability of the firm. This is how FedEx has taken a very good step to slow down increases in cost of benefits by allowing its employees to choose from different health care plans. FedEx has started many programs like disease management program, training program, and nursing hotline to help its employees with their health related issues. These programs are aimed at helping employees of the company maintaining good health and fight diseases and other illnesses swiftly. All these programs are also playing a great role in decreasing

Scholarship Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scholarship Application - Essay Example I feel that I have enough knowledge and passion to show that I have a craze about going ahead in the field of criminal justice. To maintain my interest, I keep myself updated with current research in this field. I keep on reading related journals, books and magazines, and attend related seminars held in my vicinity. I have always come up fresh, innovative and unique ideas. I have learnt basic computer knowledge and softwares so as to equip myself with the latest technology that may help me in excelling in this field. Currently, I am working for the national archives record administration. My goal is to work with the FBI in future. To back it up, I feel it important to state here that I have got suitable leadership qualities that are best suited for this field, such as being able to manage and supervise teams, and to work according to ethical standards. All of this makes me, in my perspective, a suitable candidate for the scholarship. Kindly consider my application. Thanking you in

Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditing - Assignment Example There are many factors reported in the profit and loss account that have affected the company's profit. The most prominent of them being increasing cost of sales and interest expenses. The major trends and tendencies in the company's financial position and performance for the current year as indicated by Adios Ltd's financial statements can be assessed with the help of the following factors: The company's balance sheet shows that the company has enhanced its investment in tangible asset by 84% whereas the investment in the intangible assets of the company has been reduced by 80%. But overall as compared to the previous year, the company's investment in total assets has been increased. Working capital is the capital, which remains with the company after accounting for all the current liabilities of the company out of its current assets. This capital is required by every company to meet its short-term obligations or liabilities without any hassles, whenever a need arises. Working capital can be obtained by subtracting a company's current liabilities from its current assets. The Adios Ltd's total current liabilities are about 25% of its total current assets, which shows a good working capital position for the company. The company's fiIncreased Long-term Borrowings The company's financial statements indicate that the company's long-term debts and borrowing has been increased to a great extent. As compared to the previous year, the company's long-term debts have been increased by about 7 times. Consequently, the company's interest expense has also been 6 times more than that of the previous year. Increased Sales According to the Adios Ltd's profit and loss account, the company's total sales are increased by 11.46% as compared to the previous year. Simultaneously, the company's cost of sales has also increased by 55%, which has resulted into a decline in the company's gross profit margin. Adios Ltd's gross profit margin was about 55% in the year 2004, which has decreased to 23% in 2005 despite of an increase in company's sales. Decreased Profit The company's profit margin for the year 2005 has declined by 30% as compared to that of the year 2004. Company has shown many factors responsible for this in the financial statements. The most prominent of which being the increasing cost of sales and increasing interest expense resulting from an increasing trend in the company's long-term debts and borrowings. INFORMATION IMPORTANT TO BE ASKED BY AN AUDITOR An auditor needs to obtain the following information from the company's management in order to gain a better insight of company's financi

Human resources case 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human resources case 2 - Essay Example Previously the company only provided a few health care programs to its employees. This has lowered the cost of benefits for the company to a certain extent. Currently the company is offering four different health care plans to its employees. This flexibility allows the employees to choose a health care plan that suits their personal needs. Offering multiple health care plans has proven cost effective for FedEx because not all employees need an extensive health care plan. Some employees will be happy to take a limited health care plan and will be happy to take more of their income to home. The flexibility offered by the company will allow them to customize their health care plans and to decide how much income they want to set aside for health care plan. Employees who would choose programs that offer less coverage will only be eligible for a limited number of benefits. This will drive down the cost of the firm. Previously the firm offered a few health care plans to its employees. This made employees obligated to have benefits that might not be suited to them. This also increased the cost of health care benefits because the firm was more exposed. Firm had to provide the same level of benefits to all of its employees. By offering different health care coverage plans, the firm has made itself less exposed to risk because some people would choose a plan that offers less health care benefits which will reduce the liability of the firm. This is how FedEx has taken a very good step to slow down increases in cost of benefits by allowing its employees to choose from different health care plans. FedEx has started many programs like disease management program, training program, and nursing hotline to help its employees with their health related issues. These programs are aimed at helping employees of the company maintaining good health and fight diseases and other illnesses swiftly. All these programs are also playing a great role in decreasing

Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditing - Assignment Example There are many factors reported in the profit and loss account that have affected the company's profit. The most prominent of them being increasing cost of sales and interest expenses. The major trends and tendencies in the company's financial position and performance for the current year as indicated by Adios Ltd's financial statements can be assessed with the help of the following factors: The company's balance sheet shows that the company has enhanced its investment in tangible asset by 84% whereas the investment in the intangible assets of the company has been reduced by 80%. But overall as compared to the previous year, the company's investment in total assets has been increased. Working capital is the capital, which remains with the company after accounting for all the current liabilities of the company out of its current assets. This capital is required by every company to meet its short-term obligations or liabilities without any hassles, whenever a need arises. Working capital can be obtained by subtracting a company's current liabilities from its current assets. The Adios Ltd's total current liabilities are about 25% of its total current assets, which shows a good working capital position for the company. The company's fiIncreased Long-term Borrowings The company's financial statements indicate that the company's long-term debts and borrowing has been increased to a great extent. As compared to the previous year, the company's long-term debts have been increased by about 7 times. Consequently, the company's interest expense has also been 6 times more than that of the previous year. Increased Sales According to the Adios Ltd's profit and loss account, the company's total sales are increased by 11.46% as compared to the previous year. Simultaneously, the company's cost of sales has also increased by 55%, which has resulted into a decline in the company's gross profit margin. Adios Ltd's gross profit margin was about 55% in the year 2004, which has decreased to 23% in 2005 despite of an increase in company's sales. Decreased Profit The company's profit margin for the year 2005 has declined by 30% as compared to that of the year 2004. Company has shown many factors responsible for this in the financial statements. The most prominent of which being the increasing cost of sales and increasing interest expense resulting from an increasing trend in the company's long-term debts and borrowings. INFORMATION IMPORTANT TO BE ASKED BY AN AUDITOR An auditor needs to obtain the following information from the company's management in order to gain a better insight of company's financi

Bertrand Russell Essay Example for Free

Bertrand Russell Essay I should like to say two things, one intellectual and one moral. The intellectual thing I should want to say is this: When you are studying any matter, or considering any philosophy, ask yourself only what the facts are and what the truth that the facts bear out is. Never let yourself be diverted either by what you wish to believe, or by what you think would have beneficent social effects if it were believed. But look only, and solely, at what are the facts. That is the intellectual thing that I should wish to say. The moral thing I should wish to say†¦I should say love is wise, hatred is foolish. In this world which is getting more closely and closely interconnected we have to learn to tolerate each other, we have to learn to put up with the fact that some people say things that we dont like. We can only live together in that way and if we are to live together and not die together we must learn a kind of charity and a kind of tolerance which is absolutely vital to the continuation of human life on this planet.

Behaviors and Practices of Nursing Students

Behaviors and Practices of Nursing Students Overview and Critical Appraisal of the Studies All of the included studies clearly outlined their research question, purpose, target population, sample and its characteristics. Out of 11 studies, five studies used cross sectional design (1, 9-12), two studies used longitudinal design (13-14), two studies used experimental designs (8, 15), and one study each used qualitative (16) and action research method (17). Out of 11 studies, five studies guided the research through the lens of theoretical framework (9, 11, 12, 14, 17). The sample size ranged from 15-300 and was recruited using convenient sampling. None of the studies used a random sample. Ethical approval and informed consent was obtained in all of the studies and essential measures were taken to ensure confidentiality and privacy of the participants. All of the studies used valid and reliable data collection instruments except some researchers (1, 10, 11, 14). The researchers used appropriate methods for descriptive and inferential analyses. The detail findings and strength s and limitations of the studies are presented in table I. Findings The findings of this review were reported under seven categories namely, physical and physiological self-care behaviors and practices, substance abuse and driving, health screening practices, emotional and psychological healthcare behaviors and practices, factors and interventions influencing healthcare behaviors and practices, comparison of health care practice of nursing and non-nursing students, and comparison of health behaviors and practice across academic years. Physical and Physiological Behaviors and Practices The physical and physiological behaviors and practices of nursing students was the most repetitive theme in most of the studies (1, 9-17). Based on findings of this review, it was defined as the behaviors or practices concerning diet or nutrition, exercise or physical activities, and sleeping habits of students. All of the studies under this theme reported healthy self-care behaviors of students except two studies (1, 10). For example, Horneffer (11) found that out of 300 students, 58% students exercised regularly while only 4% did not exercise. Nevins and Sherman (2016) found that out of 119 students, 77.7% ate a balanced diet while 22.6% rarely ate balanced diet, 62% students reported drinking about 3 to 8 glasses of water daily, 34% exercised regularly and 24.5% exercised rarely, but 70% students did not exercise enough. Consistently, Chow and Kalischuk (12) found that out of 211 students, 83% used to sleep 6 to 8 hours at night; 60% reported that the sleep was adequate while 37% reported inadequate sleep, 65% students reported drinking four to eight glasses of water or juice a day, 77% students ate balanced diet (49% frequently and 28% consistently), and 71% students exercised regularly or occasionally while 4% did not exercise at all. Clà ©ment et al., (13) observed self-care practices of students for three consecutive years: 1992, 1993, and 1994. The authors reported that majority of the students reported having adequate sleep (1992= 73%, 1993= 79%, 1994= 71%), eating balanced diet (1992= 88%, 1993= 81%, 1994= 79%), and carrying out adequate exercise (1992= 81%, 1993= 81%, 1994= 67%). Similar findings were reported by other researchers (8, 14-17). However, Ashcraft and Gatto (1) and Haddad et al., (10) reported that students had low to moderate self-care behaviors. The mean self-care practices on health responsibility, physical activity, and nutrition ranged from 2.07 to 2.58 indicating low self-care practices (10). In general, the evidence suggests that students have good self-scare practices in terms of nutrition, sleep, drinking water, and physical activity. Siappos et al., (16) qualitative findings affirms this because the students realized the importance of balanced diet, active lifestyle, adequate sleep, and body hygiene in maintaining their self-care. Substance Abuse and Driving Practices Several studies reported substance abuse including tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drug use and driving habits of nursing students (11-14, 16). In general, all of the studies reported that nursing students avoided smoking, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, and use safety measures while driving. For example, Siappos et al., (16) reported that students did not want to use tobacco and drugs because they considered them a threat to their health and security. Horneffer (11) reported that 71% students never smoked and 18% never consumed alcohol. However, 5% who smoked were not interested in quitting and 38% who consumed alcohol did not intend to refrain from it. Chow and Kalischuk (12) found that 59% students consumed alcohol occasionally while 35% did not consume at all and 85% students were non-smokers. This was the highest percentage of alcohol consumption in all the reviewed studies. Likewise, Clà ©ment et al., (13) found that over three years, 80 to 93% students did not consume alcohol, 80% to 90% abstained from smoking, and 94% to 90% wear seat belts while driving. Shriver and Scott-Stiles (14) assessed self-care practices of 71 nursing students over two years. The researchers found that there was improvement in the self-care behaviors of nursing students regarding alcohol and illegal drug use; in the first year 9.9% students consumed alcohol and 1.4 % used illegal drugs, while in the second year 8.8% consumed alcohol and 0 % used illegal drugs. Regarding driving habits, an improvement was seen; in the first year 57.7% always wear seat belt as drivers and 39.4% as passengers, while in the second year this percentage increased to 77.2% and 57.9% respectively. On the other hand, the students smoked more in the second year (8.8%) compared to first year (7.0%). However, the results of this study should be generalized with caution due to 9.94% attrition of nursing students in the second year. Health Screening Practices Health screening practices including Pap smear, self-breast examinations, self-testicular examination, and general screening were assessed by only two studies. Clà ©ment et al., (13) assessed self-care behaviors of students concerning self-breast examinations, clinical breast examination, and Pap smear. The researchers found that high percentage of nursing students engaged in clinical breast examination (1992= 75%, 1993= 79%, and 1994= 77%) and Pap smear (1992= 67%, 1993= 69%, and 1994= 81%) compared to self-breast examination (1992= 27%, 1993= 41%, and 1994= 43%). Shriver and Scott-Stiles (14) found that the percentage of students engaged in most of health screening practices increased from first year to second year. For example, self-breast examination (23.3% to 33.3%), self-testicular exam (0% to 33.3%), and blood pressure monitoring (83.1 to 87.7%). However, there was a slight decrease in some areas such as cholesterol monitoring (31.0% to 29.8%) and safe sex practices (63.4% to 50.9%). In general, the results are mixed but indicates that students engage themselves in their health screening and realize its importance in maintaining self-care. Emotional and Psychological Behaviors and Practices Several studies discussed the emotional, psychological and supportive self-care behaviors and practices of students (1, 8-12, 17). For this review, such practices entailed stress management, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and use of complementary therapies. Haddad et al., (10) reported low scores on spiritual growth, interpersonal relations and stress management of both Canadian and Jordanian nursing students with mean scores: spiritual growth (2.97 vs 2.98), interpersonal relations (3.12 vs 2.78), and stress management (2.46 vs 2.58). In general, the scores indicated that students did not engage in healthy emotional and psychological self-care practices. Contrary to these findings, Stark (15) reported generally good mean scores on these two domains; spiritual growth (3.27), interpersonal relations (3.43) and low scores on stress management (2.53). With regard to emotional self-care, Padykula (17) assessed emotional well-being of students and reported a high mean score of 4.12. With regard to the use of complementary therapies by students, Nevins and Sherman (9) found that out of 119 students, 45% actively used complementary therapies such as yoga, music, and meditation and while 54% denied using such therapies. This high percentage of students not using complementary therapies could be due to their lack of knowledge. The researchers reported that students rated their knowledge about such therapies 5.5 on the scale of 10. Chow and Kalischuk (12) also found that out of 211 students, 76% students used complementary therapies for maintaining their emotional and psychological well-being. The students mainly used complementary therapies: massage (54%), vitamins (49%), chiropractic (25%), herbal medicine (24%), yoga (21%), aromatherapy (18%), and acupuncture (9%). Based on mixed findings under this theme, it could be implied that the data is insufficient to reach a conclusion as to what extent students engage in self-care practices that promote their emotional an d psychological well-being. Factors/Interventions influencing Self-Care Behaviors and Practices Several factors and interventions were reported to influence self-care practices and behaviors of students (1, 8-13, 15-17). The common factors were cultural beliefs, perceptions about health, watching awareness programs about self-care on TV (10), academic and clinical stress and workload (13, 16), and increased knowledge of diseases, poor life style habits and their consequences, and importance of becoming a role model for patients (14). With regard to interventions, several researchers tested the effect of interventions on self-care practices of students. For example, Stark et al., (8) and (15) tested the effect of health promotion intervention, while Padykula (17) studied the influence on self-care practices in response to a holistic nursing course and reflective journaling. Stark et al., (8) tested an intervention consisting of teaching session about importance of self-care, development of self-care plan, and evaluation of self-care plan over a semester in 82 nursing students, 72 occupational therapy, and 47 speech language pathology students. The speech pathology students were part of comparison group and received no intervention. With regard to intervention, significant differences were noted in the health practices concerning overall HPLP (p=0.014), physical activity (p=0.001), and nutrition (p=0.025). Stark et al., (15) encouraged 67 students to develop a lifestyle self-care plan and engage in 2 hours/week sel f-care practice. The researchers found that this intervention resulted in an improvement of self-care practices in five domains; health responsibility (p=0.001), physical activity (p=0.001), nutrition (p=0.002), spiritual growth (p=0.002), and stress management (p=0.004). However, no significant differences were noted in the interpersonal relations domain (p=0.257). Likewise, Padykula (17) found significant pre-post mean differences in the domains: environment (4.27 vs 4.35), health responsibility (4.17 vs 4.32), and emotional well-being (4.12 vs 4.23). Overall, based on these findings, it could be implied that students may find it difficult to engage in self-care due to the above listed factors but the use of educational and health promotion interventions help in improving their self-care behaviors and practices. Comparison of Self-Care Practices of Nursing and Non-Nursing Students The self-care practices of nursing and non-nursing students were compared in three studies (8, 13-14). Stark et al., (8) compared 82 nursing students with 72 occupational therapy and 47 speech language pathology students. As previously discussed, speech pathology students were part of comparison group and received no intervention. The researchers compared the intervention and comparison groups, but no comparison was made between three groups of students. Clà ©ment et al., (13) compared practices of nursing students with education students and then made an overall comparison of both nursing students with a baseline study of Quebec population (which is beyond the discussion of this paper). With regard to nursing students and education students, the researchers noted no significant difference in the health behaviors of nursing students over three years (pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.05) and between nursing and education students (pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.05). Shriver Scott-Stiles, (14) compared self-car e practices of 71 nursing students and 83 non-nursing students in a two years longitudinal study. The number of students decreased in the second year resulting in 57 nursing students and 20 non-nursing students, therefore results should be generalized with caution. Some interesting findings of this study were: non-nursing students (45.8%) exercised more regularly than nursing students (22.5%), but also smoked more than nursing students (non-nursing= 14.5% and nursing = 7.0%). Overall, significant improvements were seen in the self-care behaviors and practice of nursing students compared to non-nursing students in the domains: eating habits (p=0.05) and self-breast examination (p=0.009). Overall, with one positive and one negative finding it was difficult to conclude whether nursing students self-care practices were better than non-nursing students. Comparison of Self-Care Behaviors and Practices across Academic Years Direct comparison of students practices across different academic years was not made, but several studies compared the self-care practices across semesters and over a period of two or three years (1, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17). For example, Ashcraft and Gatto (1) reported that no significant difference was noted among the nursing students as they progressed through different years (p=0.72), but the mean scores of decreased across years. Stark et al., (8) collected data at two points in time; semester I (T1) and semester II (T2) and noted significant differences between TI and T2 scores in the domains: health responsibility (p=0.027), physical activity (p=0.017), and nutrition (p=0.047). Contrary to these findings, Clà ©ment et al., (13) and Nevins and Sherman (9) did not note any statistically significant difference across self-care practices of students across academic years. Padykula (17) also assessed differences in students understanding of self-care practices at three times, that i s, at the beginning of the holistic nursing course, at the mid, and at the end. The researchers reported significant differences at three points in time, but these findings cannot be substituted for self-care practices of students. Overall, these findings indicated that none of the studies directly compared the differences in self-care practices across years, therefore no conclusion can be drawn. Discussion and Areas for Future Research This literature review explored self-care behaviors and practices of nursing students in general as well as across the academic years of study and identified areas for future research. The review of literature indicted that there are limited number of studies conducted to explore self-care practices and behaviors of nursing students. An interesting pattern in the reviewed studies was the inclusion of more female nursing students compared to male nursing students. This could limit the findings of the studies to female population only. Therefore, future studies should recruit an equal number of male and female students or should only focus on male nursing students. Also, future studies should use large, random, and representative samples. The future studies could also employ mixed-method approaches because the use of quantitative studies and self-administered instruments for data collection could have provided an incomplete understanding of students self-care practices. The general conclusion drawn from the reviewed studies is that nursing students understand the importance of self-care for personal well-being and realized the importance of maintaining their diet, sleep, and activity level in order to improve physical and physiological health. They tend to refrain from tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drug use and pay attention to their personal safety. Nursing students also engage in self-screening practices. However, further research is needed to explore general health screening practices of students because reviewed studies provided limited evidence in this area. These studies focused on exploring screening practices related to Pap smear, self-breast and self-testicular examination and did not explore general screening practicing such as regular dental checkups, stress and depression testing, diabetic testing, blood pressure monitoring, blood work and so forth. Also, the findings concerning self-testicular examination are not generalizable because o f the limited number of male studies in the sample. Although studies reported factors and interventions that may influence self-care practices of nursing students, further correlational research is needed to explore the strength of relationship of these factors. Further research is also needed to study the effect previously discussed interventions through more robust experimental studies such as Randomized Control Trials (RCT). Future RCTs should include nursing students as control or comparison group rather than non-nursing students which may help in reducing any possible biases due to matching of characteristics of comparison and control groups. Since none of the studies directly compared the self-care practices and behaviors of students across different academic years, further research is need to fill this research gap too. Further research is also needed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of students regarding complementary therapies. Limitations This review is subject to several limitations: i) literature search within four databases only and inclusion of limited studies could have resulted in excluding other relevant studies thereby providing an incomplete understanding of students self-care practices, ii) the exclusion of dissertations and theses could have also limited an in-depth understanding, and iii) the thematic analysis of self-care practices and behaviors could have been guided by any pertinent theoretical and conceptual framework. Conclusion In conclusion, nursing students understood the importance of self-care for personal physical, psychological, and emotional well-being and realized the importance of maintaining their diet, sleep, and activity level to improve physical and physiological health. They tend to refrain from tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drug use, pay attention to their personal safety, and focus on several health screening practices including Pap smear, self-breast and self-testicular examination. However, students tend to neglect self-care practices which could improve their emotional and psychological health because of several factors such as academic stress, workload and inadequate knowledge about the strategies to improve self-care in this domain. There seems to be limited evidence for drawing any conclusions regarding students use of complementary therapies for self-care, the difference between self-care practices of nursing and non-nursing students, the usefulness of different interventions for impr oving students self-care practices, and difference is self-care practices and behaviors of students across academic years. Therefore, future research is needed in these areas. References Ashcraft PF, Gatto SL. Careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ self in undergraduate nursing students: A pilot study. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2015;36(4):255-6. Younas A. A foundational analysis of Dorothea Orems self-care theory and evaluation of its significance for nursing practice and research. Creat Nurs. 2017;23(1):13-23. Austen M. Self-care in nursing: A call to action. 2015.[cited 2017 Feb 27]. Retrieved From https://www.arnbc.ca/blog/self-care-in-nursing-a-call-to-action-by-maren-austen-bsn-student/ Mills J, Wand T, Fraser JA. On self-compassion and self-care in nursing: Selfish or essential for compassionate care? Int J Nurs Stud. 2015;52(4):791-3. Pulidoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Martos M, Augustoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Landa JM, Lopezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Zafra E. Sources of stress in nursing students: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Int Nurs Rev. 2012;59(1):15-25. Younas A. Levels of stress and coping strategies used by nursing students in Asian countries: An integrated literature review. The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences,2016; 2(4), 50-57. Clark CS. Stress, psychoneuroimmunology and self-care: What every nurse needs to know. J Nurs Care. 2014;3(2):146. Stark MA, Hoekstra T, Hazel DL, Barton B. Caring for self and others: Increasing health care students healthy behaviors. Work. 2012;42(3):393-401. Nevins CM, Sherman J. Self-care practices of baccalaureate nursing students. J Holist Nurs. 2016;34(2):185-92. Haddad L, Kane D, Rajacich D, Cameron S, Alà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Maaitah R. A comparison of health practices of Canadian and Jordanian nursing students. Public Health Nurs.2004;21(1):85-90. Horneffer KJ. Students self-concepts: Implications for promoting self-care within the nursing curriculum. J Nurs Educ.2006;45(8). Chow J, Kalischuk RG. Self-care for caring practice: Student nurses perspectives. International Journal for Human Caring. 2008;12(3):31-7. Clà ©ment M, Jankowski LW, Bouchard L, Perreault M, Lepage Y. Health behaviors of nursing students: A longitudinal study. J Nurs Educ. 2002;41(6):257-65. Shriver CB, Scott-Stiles A. Health habits of nursing versus non-nursing students: a longitudinal study. J Nurs Educ. 2000;39(7):308-14. Stark MA, Manning-Walsh J, Vliem S. Caring for self while learning to care for others: a challenge for nursing students. J Nurs Educ. 2005;44(6):266-70. Siappo CL, Nà ºÃƒ ±ez YR, Cabral IE. Nursing students experiences in selfcare during training process in a private university in Chimbote, Peru. Escola Anna Nery. 2016;20(1):17-24. Padykula BM. RN-BS students reports of their self-care and health-promotion practices in a holistic nursing course. J Holist Nurs.2016:0898010116657226. Table I Summary of the Reviewed Studies Authors/ Study Purpose Methods/Sample Findings Strengths and Limitations Shriver Scott-Stiles (2000) To determine if nursing students practice healthy life Styles that would help prepare them to be effective advocates for health promotion and disease prevention. A longitudinal comparative study with a sample of 71 nursing students and 83 non-nursing students. Seven health care behaviors: sleep, diet, activity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, sexual habits, self-screening were assessed. The Health Habit Inventory was used for data collection. The health behaviors of nursing were significantly higher than non-nursing students in both pre-and post-comparison. Strengths Use of theoretical framework, comparative analysis of two different populations, matching of groups in terms demographic variables, and appropriate statistical analysis. Limitations Convenient sample, more female students compare to male, mismatching in the age and gender of the groups, and use of non-valid and reliable instrument. Clà ©ment et al., (2002) To compare health care behaviors of nursing and education students over three year and to compare their results with general population. A longitudinal comparative study with a sample of 52 nursing students and 93 education students. Seven health care behaviors: sleep, diet, physical activity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, self-breast examinations, pap tests, and clinical test examination were assessed. The Health Behavior Questionnaire was used for data collection. There were no significant differences in the health behaviors intervention and control group. Strengths Comparative analysis of two different populations, matching of groups in terms demographic variables, and appropriate statistical analysis. Limitations The participants were mainly female nursing students, high attrition rates (73.1% for nursing students and 58.9% for education students), and no random sample. Haddad et al., (2004) To compare healthcare practices of Canadian and Jordanian nursing students A descriptive cross sectional survey with a sample of 49 Canadian and 44 Jordanian nursing students. Data was collected using Health Promoting Life Style Profile-II (HPLP-II) which collects information regarding health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations and stress management. Both Canadian and Jordanian students scored low to m moderate on all domains. The Canadian scored more on health care practices in terms of health responsibility, physical activity, and interpersonal relations. Strengths Comparative analysis of two different cultures. Limitations The participants were mainly female nursing students, use of non-valid and non-reliable Arabic version of HPLSP-II, small and convenient sample. Stark et al., (2005) To study the effect of health promotion intervention on self-care of nursing students. A pre-post intervention study with a sample of 67 students. The intervention consisted of development of lifestyle self-care plan and 2 hours/week self-care practice. The HPLP-II was used for data collection. A significant increase in self-care of nursing students was noted on six domains of HPLSP-II except for interpersonal relations. Strengths Use of a valid and reliable data collection tool, appropriate statistical analysis, Limitations Small and non-random convenient sample, no blinding, and no comparison or control group. Horneffer (2006) To assess nursing students degree of alignment with their self-concepts beliefs and explore the relationship of self-concepts with health behaviors and attitude towards health promotion messages. A descriptive cross sectional survey with a sample of 300 students. Data was collected using a scale to measure dimensions of self-concept (anonymous scale), Health Risk Assessment Form, and Heath Promotion messages regarding diet, exercise, and sleeping habits. Most of the students perceived that health is closely related to taking care of oneself and dimensions of self-concept associated with health behaviors and responses to health promotion messages. Strengths Use of a theoretical framework to conceptualize self-concept and use of large sample. Limitations Data collection from one institution and little information provided about the validity and reliability testing of the used instruments. Chow Kalischuk (2008) To examine undergraduate nursing students self-care behaviors. A descriptive cross sectional survey with a sample of 211 out of 330 students. Data was collected using the Self-Care Complementary Therapies Survey. The nursing students practiced a positive level of self-care. Most of the students reported that they drink enough fluids, have adequate sleep, eat balanced diet, personally used complementary therapies. Strengths Use of a theoretical model as a framework and the use of a valid and reliable data collection tool. Limitations Small and convenient sample, cross-sectional design, and data collection from one institution, and more female participants than male. Stark et al., (2012) To increase health care behaviors of healthcare students by using a health promotion intervention. A pre-post intervention study with a comparison group. The sample consisted of 201 students; 82 nursing students, 72 occupational therapy, and 47 speech language pathology students. The HPLP-II was used for data collection. Speech language pathology students received no intervention. The intervention consisted of teaching session about importance of self-care, development of self-care plan, and evaluation of self-care plan over a semester. The intervention group improved their self-care practices compared to comparison group. There were also significance differences in pre-and post-comparison. Strengths Use of a valid and reliable data collection tool, use of comparison group, appropriate statistical analysis, and matching of comparison and intervention group in terms of age, race, gender and marital status. Limitations Small and non-random sample, no blinding, and discipline specific differences among the participants were not considered, and more female students than male. Ashcraft Gatto (2015) To explore self-care practices among nursing students. A pilot cross-sectional study with a sample of 199 students. Live Well Lifestyle Assessment Scale was used for data collection. Students tend to neglect their self-care and focus more on the care of patients. Limitations Small and convenient sample, pilot design, and data collection from one institution, missing data as 81 (41%) questionnaires were invalid, and more female students compare to male. Nevins Sherman (2016) To investigate baccalaureate nursing student perspectives of self-care practices to gain understanding of their value in health promotion. A descriptive cross sectional survey with a sample of 119 students. Data was collected using the Self-Care Complementary Therapies Survey. The overall health status was rated as 7.8 on 10. Students diet, sleep, and exercise practices were satisfactory. Strengths Use of a theoretical model as a framework and the use of a valid and reliable data collection tool. Limitations Low response rate (44.5%), small and convenient sample, cross-sectional design, data collection from one institution, chances of social desirability bias. Padykula (2016) To explore RN-BS students self-care and health promotion practices (SCHP) in a holistic nursing course. A qualitative study action research with a sample of 15 students. Data was collected using reflective journal writing and the Integrative Health and Wellness Assessment (IHW