Colonialism and the Political and Economic Problems in Africa Essay

Changes for the 457 Visa to the SS Visa-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Basically examine how the progressions for the 457 visa to the SS visa will affect Australian Business and their Human Resource Planning and related enrollment Practices. Answer: The Government of Australia has chosen to abrogate the Temporary Work (Skilled)(Sub class 457) visa while supplanting it with another visa named Temporary Skills Shortage (TSS) visa. These progressions are going to affect the organizations in Australia alongside their HR practices and arranging. The Howard Government presented the 457 visa in the year 1966. Nonetheless, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull has just declared on eighteenth April 2017 that this visa is to be supplanted by TSS visa (Minister - Joint media discharge with the Hon. Malcolm Turnbull MP, Prime Minister - Putting Australian laborers initial, 2017). This change will profoundly affect the current foreigners who are working in Australia alongside the individuals who have just gone after future positions in the nation. As indicated by Murphy (2017), the 457 visa allows the holders to be utilized in Australia for a time of four years. They are additionally allowed to bring any of their qualified relatives who gangs unlimited investigation and work right itself in Australia. The 457 visa permits its holders to go all through the country with no restrictions. So as to acquire a 457 visa, the businesses of the holders are to be approved as an endorsed support by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Then again, Howe (2014) has expressed that the holders of 457 visa are required to meet a base degree of prerequisites identified with English language, aptitudes, character and wellbeing. This visa forces certain limitations upon the holders, for example, the holder is allowed to work just for the supported boss and in the selected occupation. The 457 visa holders empower the administrators and the clinical experts to work for different managers who are related with the element of their affi rmed boss. Notwithstanding, in April 2017, the Australian Government has chosen to abrogate this visa and supplant it with another visa in particular TSS visa. The Australian Government has chosen to supplant the 457 visa with TSS visa from March 2018. The TSS visa will comprise of a Short-Term stream that will be substantial as long as two years and a Medium-Term stream that will be legitimate as long as four years. The Short-Term stream is planned for filling the brief expertise holes for Australian organizations in circumstances wherein, a talented laborer from Australia in not accessible. The Medium-Term stream is planned for filling the lack of laborers wherein exceptionally talented, basic prerequisite occupations are related, and there is inaccessibility of Australian specialists. The Medium-Term stream fills the business holes in a limited range when the businesses can't source a reasonable talented Australian laborer (Campbell Tham, 2014). The Short-Term stream can be recharged inland for just one time. Momentary Skilled Occupations List (STSOL) will be relevant for non-local Australia and if there should arise an occurrence of local Australia, STSOL will be appropriate alongside extra occupations support. The visa candidates will need to experience an English language test and score at least 4.5 out of 5. Then again, the Medium-Term stream can be recharged following three years. Medium and Long-Term key abilities list (MLTSSL) will be relevant for non-territorial Australia and if there should arise an occurrence of non-local Australia, MLTSSL will be pertinent alongside extra occupations support. The visa candidates will likewise need to go through an English language test (Breen, 2016). The streams will have certain qualification measures. The visa candidate will need to have work understanding of at least two years in a similar occupation. The Labor Market Testing (LMT) will get compulsory and the businesses will need to pay the compensation rate that is winning in the Australian market and will likewise need to meet the necessities of the Temporary Skilled Migration Income Threshold. The visa holders will need to get corrective freedom authentication and will likewise need to experience a non-unfair workforce test (Johnson, 2017). As indicated by McMillan, Edwards Phillips (2017), every one of these measures upgrade the business supported gifted relocation projects of Australia and will guarantee that they meet the aptitude necessities of the country in a superior way. Usage of the TSS visa will improve the nature of the gifted vagrants alongside their financial commitment. The change will likewise discover arrangements with respect to the removal of the laborers in Australia. The change will incorporate better arrangements of focused occupation that will meet the prerequisites of aptitudes in the work market of Australia. As indicated by Ferguson, Giuseppi Australia (2017), the present 457 visa holders will not be influenced by the adjustments yet the businesses will must know about the effects of every one of these changes. The businesses will need to consider the qualification of the 457 visa holders alongside the qualification models of the new TSS visa candidates so as to fit the bill for it. Despite what might be expected, Breunig, Deutscher To (2017) expressed that every one of these progressions will influence both the perpetual just as brief visa pathways. These changes are being started by the Government of Australia so as to guarantee that the inhabitants of Australia get the chance of landing positions in the country on a need premise. This change was essential as the businesses in Australia have been enrolling laborers from outside the country without considering the neighborhood work advertise. As per Markus (2014), the progressions will influence the transitory work visas as the subclass 457 visa will be stopped in March 2018 and another TSS visa will supplant it. It will likewise affect the Employer Nomination Scheme visa, the Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme visa and the other lasting gifted visas. This change shields the interests of the Australians by guaranteeing that the laborers enrolled from abroad countries go about as a strengthening workforce and don't hamper the chances of the Australian specialists. These changes will influence the Australian organizations and their strategies identified with enlistment of the workers. Prior, the businesses used to enroll the representatives from different countries without thinking about the nearby workers for the activity job yet at this point, the businesses need to initially think about the Australians for a vocation job and just if there should be an occurrence of deficiency of gifted Australian specialists, the business can select an individual from other nation. The discussion of in regards to outside specialists in Australia has been a copying subject more than quite a long while. The Australians have been disturbed because of the inclination of abroad specialists over nearby laborers. This has prompted the nullification of the 457 visa and the usage of TSS visa (Breunig, Deutscher To, 2016). As per Boucher Cerna (2014), these changes will profoundly influence the private companies in Australia as these organizations check their expenses by recruiting abroad workers at lower cost than employing the nearby work. With the ramifications of TSS visa, the standards identified with recruiting an abroad worker will turn out to be exceptionally exacting that will bring about lesser number of foreigners going to the nation. This will clear route for the nearby occupants to secure positions and procure a standard business. The ramifications of TSS visa will guarantee that the laborers selected from abroad countries will meet the ability necessities of the country in a superior way. Execution of the TSS visa will upgrade the nature of the gifted vagrants alongside their monetary commitment. Then again, as per Wright (2014), the usage of TSS visa will get a few changes the enlistment approaches and practices of every one of those organizations that have been recruiting work power from abroad countries. The enrollment strategies will turn out to be progressively severe towards the workers as the nearby work will be favored over them. The organizations will need to scan for the necessary aptitudes and capacities among the neighborhood inhabitants and just on inaccessibility of the necessary gifted work, the organization will be allowed to recruit work from different nations. Also, the abroad candidates will need to experience a few procedures and will need to meet all the prerequisites of TSS visa so as to turn into a qualified up-and-comer. As indicated by Markus (2014), the two enterprises that will be exceptionally influenced by the TSS visa are Information innovation industry and expert administrations industry. A few occupations, for example, creators, painters, natural chemists, vocalists, criminologists, dealers, pilots and numerous others will be totally expelled from the rundown of occupations in the 457 visa. A few experts who have applied for any of these classes will be exceptionally influenced. As indicated by Johnson (2017), the Information Technology industry in Australia has been recruiting increasingly proficient workers from abroad at a much lower wage rate in any case; presently the organizations will need to enlist the representatives from the neighborhood work showcase regardless of whether they are lesser productive. This will build the expenses for the organizations and will likewise affect the working effectiveness of the organization. In actuality, Breen (2016) expressed that execution of TSS vis a will assist the Australians with grabbing openings and improve their aptitudes and capacities that will by implication improve the economy of the country. References: Boucher, A., Cerna, L. (2014). Current strategy inclines in talented movement policy.International Migration,52(3), 21-25. Breen, F. (2016). Australian Immigration Policy in Practice: a contextual analysis of ability acknowledgment and capability transferability among Irish 457 visa holders.Australian Geographer,47(4), 491-509. Breunig, R., Deutscher, N., To, H. T. (2016). The connection between movement to Australia and the work advertise results of Australian laborers. Breunig,

What To Write About With a Democratic Education Essay

What To Write About With a Democratic Education EssayThere are several very common types of the Democratic Education Essay, but each one is used to describe a particular problem that teachers are facing in their classrooms and how to solve them. Let's look at the three main types of the essay:One type of essay is about the topic of the topic. These are usually written for those teachers who are in high school or for college students who have received advanced degrees. These are some of the topics you can write about when writing an education essay. It doesn't matter if you write about history, sports, science, etc. The point is that your students should be able to use the information you provide to come up with his or her own thoughts.The next type of essay is about the problem in the real world. Students can write about various issues that affect different people, such as poverty, racism, environmental pollution, war, poverty, etc. Once again, the content of this topic should be som ething students could actually use. This type of essay usually focuses on coming up with solutions rather than just giving factual information.The third type of essay is your own essay. Many students find this easier than writing an essay for a specific topic because they already know what the problem is. For example, some students find it easier to write about themselves than others, and thus, they write about themselves in their essays. You can also find students that write about other issues in the world, such as their own political views or their favorite culture.There are many websites where you can find Democratic Education Essay Topics. In fact, there are so many sites that it may take you a long time to go through all of them.In order to get the best results from your essay, you will need to write about what you know. This is not the same as expecting your students to learn something that you don't know. Make sure that what you write on your topics are things that you feel c omfortable with writing about.Ask your school administrators for suggestions on what topics you can write about in your classes. Often times, they will be willing to provide suggestions for a particular topic based on what the students have been asking about in the class. They will also often provide suggestions for topics based on the topics they teach. These topics may include politics, science, and history, just to name a few.You can find plenty of ideas on the Internet, but you will also need to take into consideration what the student's needs are. If you want to find out what the most popular topics are, then you should visit a popular site. These sites have many topics that students can choose from and what they want to write about.

A Short History Of Self Esteem - 2742 Words

A Short History of Self-Esteem The history of self-esteem can be traced back throughout time. In this section we have a critical look at the self-esteem movement. Though an overweening conceit of our own merit be vicious and disagreeable, nothing can be more laudable than to have a value for ourselves, where we really have qualities that are valuable . . . it is certain that nothing is more useful to us, in the conduct of life, than a due degree of pride, which makes us sensible of our own merit, and gives us a confidence and assurance in all our projects and enterprises. David Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, vol. 2 As the quotation from the great 18th century Scottish Enlightenment thinker David Hume shows, the idea that it is†¦show more content†¦Seligman argues that the 1960s changed all this. First the rise of wealth and consumerism meant that it was easier to conceptualise the individual at the centre of his/her destiny. And psychology, partly as a result of Seligman’s own â€Å"learned helplessness† experiments, created theories which put the â€Å"self-directed† individual at the centre of his or her own life. The rise of the self-esteem movement From the late 1960s on self-esteem became a fashionable and influential idea. One of the first exponents was a young psychology professor called Stanley Coopersmith from California. A more influential figure was Nathaniel Branden. Branden was a psychotherapist and devotee of the philosopher Ayn Rand. He has written countless books on self-esteem and is considered the intel lectual father of the self-esteem movement. As we shall see in another section, Branden’s work is sophisticated and his definition of self-esteem, and notions of how it can be boosted, is a far cry from the exhortations to feel special that have come to characterise self-esteem building exercises in American schools. Self-esteem may simply have remained a psychological and philosophical concept, debated by academics, if it had not been taken up by politicians in California in the late 1980s. John Vasconcellos was a state assemblyman who believed that low self-esteem was the cause of crime, teenage pregnancy, drug abuse andShow MoreRelatedSelf Esteem By Carol Craig1090 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-Esteem can be harmful and make people very self centered, but others lack confidence and need a boost of self-esteem. Self-esteem is a very important factor in various reasons that happens in people’s daily life. With no type of thought people don’t think or take self-esteem with importance without realizing that self-esteem is a huge thing that us humans depend for our daily activities. Some shifts that have happened toward self- esteem over the past few decades were the fact that many peopleRead MoreSelf Esteem Essay980 Words   |  4 Pageshad low self-esteem because poverty was caused by the Great Depression, a bad economy, and wars. On the other hand, the 1960s was a time when citizens got wealthier. Many consumers bought up luxury items to show how rich and powerful they are, bumping up their self-esteem to a high point! While citizens bought extravagant items, crime rate rose very much. In Carol Craig’s â€Å"Short History of Self-esteem† it states, â€Å"John Vasconcellos was a state assemblyman who believed that low self-esteem was theRead MoreSelf Esteem Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesCan self-esteem really engender success, or does it induce the well-being of individuals? By success, I mean academic achievement and a college degree. Self-esteem is crucial to the well-being and happiness of individuals. However, too much self-esteem makes people become narcissistic, which is destructive and superfluous to becoming successful. Therefore, self-esteem cannot engender success, which is corroborated with the self-esteem movement, but it can cause th e well-being of individuals. TheRead MoreMental Illness Is Nothing But Brain Illness938 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most important cause of mental illness is our environment. Several environmental components can increase our chances of getting a mental illness. Factors like feeling low in self esteem or anxiety, living in poverty, death or divorce in the family, social or cultural expectations can deeply affect or shape our risks of getting a mental illness. In the article â€Å"mental illness is nothing but brain illness†, Ian Gold mentions about this unique disease called schizophrenia. 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Body image specifically has been suggested to be a crucial factor in the desire to undergo cosmetic surgery. This is based offRead MoreSex Pregnancy Assignment1209 Words   |  5 Pageswritten consent form to participate in this study. Their identity and data will be kept anonymous and confidential. In addition, each participant will receive a $5.00 gift card based on their participation. Measures Childhood Trauma Questionnaire short form is a questionnaire which contains 28 items (Caldwell, J. G., Krug, M. K., Carter, C. S., Minzenberg, M. J., 2014). This questionnaire is used to measure child abuse, which is defined as physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment or neglect

The Cultural Progression Of Latin America Essay - 1420 Words

Latin America has had a very complex history since being colonized by Spain, aside from Brazil, to its current sociopolitical movements. Unfortunately, Latin America’s cultural progression did not spread and blossom as fast as other countries because they were colonized by the retrograded country of Spain. Due to the general conservatism in Iberian culture, Spain being the cause of that, Latin America did not follow the steps towards modernity, unlike French colonized countries. After the colonization period, Latin America spent its time conserving Spanish culture. The Iberian Peninsula culture did not have the same opening into the modernity that France had. It wasn’t until the 1880’s through the 1910’s that ‘modernismo’, an anti-nationalist literary movement, arose within Latin America itself, making it a homegrown movement. Modernismo was the rejuvenation of the Spanish language and its literature. Modernismo’s literature boom allow ed for the growth of other literature movements including that magical realism movement. Influenced by the European surrealism movement, authors such as Alejo Carpentier and Miguel à ngel Asturias started writing magical realism in the 1920’s and 30’s. magical realism reached it’s peak in Latin America in the 1940’s through 1950’s. During this era, political ideologies such as communism and socialism rose. Marxism was a major contribution and was widely studied by the educated citizens of Latin America. There are many parallels between MarxistShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality During Latin American Countries1373 Words   |  6 Pages How has gender inequality affected women in Latin American countries? Gender inequality has affected the women of Latin America in a multitude of ways, but it can be argued that the division of gender equality is extremely prominent when analyzing reproductive rights and health care access. 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Ncea Level 2 [Nz] No Ordinary Sun and to Sea, to the Mountain, to the River Analysis Essay Example For Students

Ncea Level 2 [Nz] No Ordinary Sun and to Sea, to the Mountain, to the River Analysis Essay For EACH of the texts, analyze how the writer used symbolism and / or figurative language to develop an important idea. In the poems No Ordinary Sun and The Sea, to the Mountain, to the River by Hone Tuwhare, the poet used figurative language to develop the theme ‘destruction of environment. ’ By using simile, personification and imagery, Tuwhare expresses his sadness at the careless action of men and their continual destruction of nature. The Sea, to the Mountain, to the River is about the relationship between land and men. In the poem, workers are building a dam to obtain electricity. Tuwhare wants people to realize that we are destroying the environment for the sake of progress without even caring about the effect and implications it will bring. In No Ordinary Sun, Tuwhare expresses his concern about the deadly effects of an atomic bomb explosion on humanity and nature as a whole. Again, people are destroying the environment for the sake of progress and in doing so; they risk other people’s lives. We will write a custom essay on Ncea Level 2 No Ordinary Sun and to Sea, to the Mountain, to the River Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Tuwhare used simile in the poem, The Sea, to the Mountain, to the River, to diminish the status of men to that of unthinking creatures. The example â€Å"as skilled as spiders† not only implies that men are unwanted by nature, like spiders to human, but also that they are considered as tiny, insignificant insects crawling over the face of the earth. Tuwhare wants the readers to see the workmen as a nuisance and pest, the way the nature see them. He’s appealing to the emotional side of the readers and makes them feel sorry for nature. Personification is also used by Tuwhare to stress the interaction of nature and to help the readers see the sea, the river and the mountain as people like them, who feel sad and hurt by the actions of men. Tuwhare wants the readers to empathize with nature and be moved by its feelings. The river was personified as having its tongue torn out: â€Å"†¦ to tear out the river’s tongue. † This describes the damage men are doing to the environment. They are putting an end to the rivers ‘cacophonic†¦ tossing’ by ‘tear out†¦ tongue. Tuwhare aims to make the reader feel angry with the workmen for being violent and destructive towards the river. Another use of personification is â€Å"the sea beckons†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This creates a link between the sea and the mountain, and also provides a positive connotation, making the sea seem friendly. Again, Tuwhare aims to make the readers identify with the sea and feel sorry for the damage the men are caus ing. The same effect is intended with the use of â€Å"austerely the mountains ponder. It makes the mountain seem old, slow and wise, like a living person. The last use of personification, â€Å"smoke-wreathed shoulder of a crouching hill,† aims to not only compare the land to a person but to imply that men have defeated nature. It’s already cowed, submissive. In The Sea, to the Mountain, to the River the use of simile establishes the perspective of the readers about the workmen, Tuwhare leads the readers to see them as despicable- destroying our environment for the sake of progress. Then, he uses personification for the same effect. The readers empathize with the environment and consider the sea, the mountain and the river as people like them who has feelings. By doing this, Tuwhare appeals at the readers’ emotions, making them see how terrible it is to destroy the environment. While in the first poem, Tuwhare appeals to readers by encouraging them to feel what the nature is feeling, in No Ordinary Sun imagery is used to show the effects of a man-made weapon, atomic bomb and make them realize what would happen to them and the environment. Tuwhare used adjective to create images in the minds of the readers. allant monsoon flash† and â€Å"dashing trade wind’s blast† are old-fashioned, positive sounding words that Tuwhare used to describe the monsoon and the wind. He wants the readers to know that compared to the bomb, these two are almost benign, almost nothing. Another example of imagery was in the last stanza: ‘shadowless mountains,’ ‘white plains’ and Ã¢â‚¬Ë œdrab sea floor. ’ This creates an image of a lifeless planet. Tuwhare is telling the readers, this is what happens. Everything will be destroyed- our lives, nature- all because we seek power and progress. .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 , .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 .postImageUrl , .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 , .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950:hover , .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950:visited , .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950:active { border:0!important; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950:active , .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950 .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff5e463edfb1d47fc202a9038d5e8950:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Exemplification: Welfare, A Vicious Circle EssayTuwhare also used symbolism to help people understand how devastating an atomic bomb can be. He explored the irony of the comparison to show the big difference between ‘our’ sun and the ‘not ordinary’ sun. Our sun gives us life, energy and warmth. We need it to live. The other sun, the one mentioned in the poem, is a ‘monstrous’ sun. It kills people and annihilates the environment. By calling it monstrous, Tuwhare is implying that this sun is an unacceptable product of a merger between nature and man. Thus, what we created for power will destroy us. Also, by using sun as a symbol for atomic bomb, the readers are more affected as the sun is directly related to our everyday lives. In this poem, Tuwhare made it clear how much we are affected when our environment is destroyed. We cannot live alone in this planet. Our hunger for power and progress blind us and we need to stop. Both poems used figurative language to engage the readers and to show the effects of our actions. Tuwhare’s message is very important as in today’s society, especially in New Zealand, destruction of environment for the sake of progress is not uncommon. Earlier on March, news of national parks becoming mining grounds sparked protest from all over the country. The government believes that this will help New Zealand’s economy prosper. But are we really going to forsake the environment for the sake of progress? Also, North Korea’s nuclear testing hasn’t stopped. To further their power, the government of Korea ignores the devastating effects of nuclear bombs. Tuwhare’s poems The Sea, to the Mountain, to the River and No Ordinary Sun urges us to open our eyes and stop destroying our environment.

Slavery Essays (857 words) - Slavery In The United States, Slavery

Slavery A large majority of whites in the South supported slavery even though fewer of a quarter of them owned slaves because they felt that it was a necessary evil and that it was an important Southern institution. In 1800 the population of the United States included 893,602 slaves, of which only 36,505 were in the northern states. Vermont, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey provided for the emancipation of their slaves before 1804, most of them by gradual measures. The 3,953,760 slaves at the census of 1860 were in the southern states. Eminent statesmen from the earliest period of the national existence, such as Thomas Jefferson and George Washington regarded slavery as evil but necessary. Individuals and groups of people of almost all sects defended slavery. On the whole, antislavery views grew steadily; but many who personally held strong antislavery opinions hesitated to join actively in abolitionist agitation, unwilling to dispute what many citizens held to be their rights. Those Southern whites who didnt necessarily like slavery supported it because they felt it was the Souths right to be able to have slavery. Slavery thus became an increasingly Southern institution. Abolition of slavery in the North, begun in the revolutionary era and largely complete by the 1830s, divided the United States into the slave South and the free North. As this happened, slavery came to define the essence of the South: to defend slavery was to be pro-Southern, whereas opposition to slavery was considered anti-Southern. Although most Southern whites did not own slaves (the proportion of white families that owned slaves declined from 35 percent to 26 percent between 1830 and 1860), slavery more and more set the South off from the rest of the country and the Western world. If at one time slavery had been common in much of the Americas, by the middle of the 19th century it remained only in Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the southern United States. In an era that celebrated liberty and equality, the slaveholding Southern states appeared backward and repressive. This drew most Northerners into the abolitionist moveme nt not so much for the behalf of slaves, but how slavery made the United States look. Despite this, the slave economy grew rapidly, enriched by the spectacular increase in cotton cultivation to meet the growing demand of Northern and European textile manufacturers. Southern economic growth, however, was based largely on cultivating more land. The South did not undergo the industrial revolution that was beginning to transform the North; the South remained almost entirely rural. In 1860 there were only five Southern cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants (only one of which, New Orleans, was in the Deep South); less than 10 percent of Southerners lived in towns of at least 2500 people, compared to more than 25 percent of Northerners. The South also increasingly lagged in other indications of modernization, from railroad construction to literacy and public education. For these reasons, many Southerners felt that slavery was all too necessary because their agrarian economy was based around it. Many feared that the abolition of slavery would result in a Southern economic collapse. The biggest gap between North and South, however, was ideological. In the North, slavery was abolished and a small but articulate group of abolitionists developed. In the South, white spokesmen, from politicians to ministers, newspaper editors, and authors, rallied around slavery as the bedrock of Southern society. Defenders of slavery developed a wide range of arguments to defend their cause, from those based on race to those that stressed economic necessity. They made heavy use of religious themes, portraying slavery as part of God's plan for civilizing a primitive, heathen people. For a white Southerner to go against slavery would also go against Southern society and religion. Increasingly, Southern spokesmen based their case for slavery on social arguments. They contrasted the harmonious, orderly, religious, and conservative society that supposedly existed in the South with the tumultuous, heretical, and mercenary ways of a North torn apart by radical reform, individualism, class conflict, and, worst of all, abolitionism. This defense represented the mirror image of the so-called free-labor argument increasingly prevalent in the North: to the assertion that slavery kept the South backward, poor,