12 Examples of Chemical Energy

12 Examples of Chemical Energy Chemical energy is the energy stored within chemicals, which makes it energy inside atoms and molecules. Most often, its considered the energy of chemical bonds, but the term also includes energy stored in the electron arrangement of atoms and ions. Its a form of potential energy that you wont observe until a reaction occurs. Chemical energy can be changed into other forms of energy through chemical reactions or chemical changes. Energy, often in the form of heat, is absorbed or released when chemical energy is converted to another form. Chemical Energy Examples Chemical energy is a form of potential energy found within chemical bonds, atoms, and subatomic particles.Chemical energy can be observed and measured only when a chemical reaction occurs.Any matter considered to be a fuel contains chemical energy.The energy can be released or absorbed. For example, combustion releases more energy than is needed to initiate the reaction. Photosynthesis absorbs more energy than it releases. Examples of Chemical Energy Basically, any compound contains chemical energy that can be released when its chemical bonds are broken. Any substance that can be used as a fuel contains chemical energy. Examples of matter containing chemical energy include: Coal: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and heat.Wood: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and heat.Petroleum: Can be burned to release light and heat or changed into another form of chemical energy, such as gasoline.Chemical batteries: Store chemical energy to be changed into electricity.Biomass: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and heat.Natural gas: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and heat.Food: Digested to convert chemical energy into other forms of energy used by cells.Cold packs: Chemical energy is absorbed in a reaction.Propane: Burned to produce heat and light.Hot packs: Chemical reaction produces heat or thermal energy.Photosynthesis changes solar energy into chemical energy.Cellular respiration is a set of reactions that changes chemical energy in glucose into chemical energy in ATP, a form our bodies can use. Source Schmidt-Rohr, Klaus. Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O2. Journal of Chemical Education.

Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California

Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California The quest to offer solutions to challenges caused by urban coyote (Canis latrans) in Southern California faces many issues including the environment of habitation, coyote behavior as well as human behavior and laws. Baker and Timm (1998) focus on urban coyote conflict. Nevertheless, discussions on types of efficient control processes and related challenges are minimal.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some common conflicts in urban regions include destroying property, harassing pets, bullying or assaulting humans and exhibiting daring or violent behavior. Growing urbanization is gradually making human interest to be at conflict with wildlife. The rising amount of conflicts between humans and coyotes in these regions is a wide topic of discussion. This paper discusses how habitats, laws, human and coyote behavior intera ct in finding solutions to urban conflict. Habitats Southern California rests in California’s South mountains and Coast regions. The region has home densities that range from 0.0/km2 in rural surroundings to 140/km2 in urban areas (Baker Timm, 1998). Consistent with definition, rural regions are those that produce farmyields and livestock. Main types of plants include oak, grasslands, lower chaparral and riparian woodlands.Cyclic alterations in rain, winters, summers and little changes in yearly temperatures typify this climate. Such conditions and habitats sustain animals that serve as food to coyotes. Growth has formed regions of urban-wild land interface, which form the margin between urban and rural regions. As residences and urbanization go on to augment, the margin persists to enlarge. Urban habitats comprise parks, drainages, and gardens that that reside near houses. Human Actions The behavior of humans has a noteworthy role in forming and resolving conflict between p eople and wildlife. Long ago, the issue of wildlife conflict was only in rural environments. At that time, the federal agencies and the state defended harvestable resources and domestic animals. Currently, we recognize that wildlife conflict exists in both rural and urban settings and human behavior has a significant role in wildlife relations.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wildlife, whether in urban or urban-rural interface regions, offers noteworthy value to people. Nevertheless, habituation of wildlife to humans produces animals that can be more treacherous than those in the rural areas can. Habituation stem from acceptance of coyotes and the nonexistence of negative reinforcement. Several people, innocently or knowingly, allow coyotes to subsist and be close to their homes and pets through offering food or secluded habitat fragments in urban settin g. Certain human actions that manipulate human-coyote associations include open space organization, pet husbandry processes and refuse management. Some human beings deliberately nourishing coyotes have as well been associated to several coyote issues, as well as human assaults. A significant aspect is how humans react to coyotes when they come across them in urban areas or beside the urban-rural interface regions. Unless coyotes receive negative reinforcement, they will start to perceive these experiences in a positive manner, thus losing their usual human fear and their innate foraging behaviors. These cultured actions and adaptation to people may be transmitted to young that are brought up in urban areas. Wherever a number or all of these human behaviors fail to be fully addressed, coyotes will exploit any resources they require to exist, causing possible conflicts. Baker and Timm (1998) explain that the majority coyotes in urban settings have stopped seeing people as enemies. Rat her, coyotes view human as a good food source. Coyotes’ capability to adjust to actions of people has played a central role in making animas to end fear for belief animals. The persistent attrition of the human-wild animal division refers to taming, which seeks to eradicate human trepidation in coyotes. Taming form a situation of adoption of people into the social ring of wild animals and this is likely to pose human danger, in the end.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The growing urban-rural interface associated with human expansion has offered an outsized environment for coyotes, which are a source of major conflicts. The rural-urban interface offers security and food resources for coyotes, since they can enter and leave the habitat with no difficulties. Besides, it is the swiftest growing habitat (Fedriani e t al. 2001). Features of the landscape in this habitat have water, food, cover, and these draw many animals that act as food for coyotes. This forms synthetically enlarged inhabitants of indigenous and non- indigenous species including gophers, rabbits and earth squirrels, all of which are good food sources for the urban coyote. Equally, food objects like small cats and wind-fallen fruits serve as great meals for the coyates. Laws and Regulations Some bodies that have participated in making laws include the California State Legislature, California voters, as well as the California Fish and Game Commission. These bodies have had vital roles in making a varied set of regulations and policies that concern the control of coyotes and all marauders in California. A noteworthy aspect of these bodies is California’s suggestion for a triumphant measure, which adjusted both Fish and Game regulations and state statutes. Regulatory changes and legislative proceedings, especially those as sociated to increased fortification of definite wildlife species and the elimination of wildlife damage control techniques have had a major effect on coyote conflict resolution. Coyote Behavior Coyotes prefer to live in natural habitats but they also adapt to urban environments easily. Coyotes feed at night and rest during the day. According to Tigas (2002), coyotes decrease activity during the day more in urban settings than in rural areas, where there is reduced human activity. The agility of coyotes allows them to succeed and thrive in almost all natural and artificial environments in southern California. Damage Resource management groups assume the responsibility of eliminating coyotes lethally. Nevertheless, inside wildlife groups there are many variable construes of what constitutes a human health and safety assault. The question is whether when a coyote moves toward humans is classified as a human health and safety matter, or whether all assaults on pets are a human health an d safety happening. Another question that comes up is whether the attack has to cause damage.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An additional human pressure is how the public at large and neighbors respond to an assault. Riley and Decker (2000) explain that wildlife in the backyard is endured until a beast sprays the city clerk, or an influential individual catches Lyme infection from tick-infested animal; then, elimination is ordered instantly. Carrying out coyote damage control in urban regions requires lots of time. It could take a number of weeks or months for the felonious coyote to go back to the region where apparatus have been positioned. Techniques used in managing coyotes in urban-suburban regions differ greatly, depending on the circumstances and setting. Within California, these consist of traps, gunfire such as 12 gauge shotguns, spotlighting and calling using electronic or manual techniques. Cage traps have served the purpose on several occasions, although they do not represent the most efficient way of coyote control. The use of these approaches in urban/suburban regions should be carried out with great secrecy and proficiency, maintaining the public’s security as a theme of highest significance. Technology California has a fact sheet through its wildlife service program aimed at helping homeowners in urban regions find solutions to coyote problems. Besides, The California Department of Fish and Game steers a campaigns through similar brochures. records from the wildlife service department show that the three most frequent solutions given to humans facing urban-suburban coyote issues are those allied with eradicating either direct or indirect wildlife feed harassment of coyotes and exclusion method. The majority urban-suburban coyote challenges can be solved by chasing them afar from their item of attraction, eradicating the item of attraction, or removing what they are attracted to and denying them the right to access items that attract them. Direct control Various conflicts call for larger attention, either because of the absence of success in executing technica l assistance suggestions, or to a more solemn increasing coyote conduct caused by several human pressures or actions. Additionally, several conflicts such as attack on a person are further serious, thus calling for direct attention to resolve the issue. In these circumstances, the wildlife service will take direct control as the primary alternative. Nonetheless, when the verdict is made to control coyotes directly, the service often offers technical assistance to aid in avoiding problems in the prospect. This is achievable through group conferences with homeowner associations, face-to-face conferences with inhabitants, as well as, allocation of fact sheets and other copies, The rising dollar, level of damage and number of coyotes captured by direct control show the need for sustained and insistent public audience. Technical support does give approaches and recommendations to lessen conflicts. Nevertheless, the suggestions must receive support from the affected. Measures of direct co ntrol and call for technical support will persist as long as the conflict between humans and coyotes lives. Thus, certain policies and procedures should be established and pursued by all administrators when handling conflicts that are thought to have public concerns. Government representatives have to be well informed when instituting such policies, and they ought to seek to comprehend the intricacies of coyote management in the contradictory urban environments. The absence of societal outreach and definite policies will eventually bring about further eliminations of coyotes. In conclusion, coyote is in much conflict with human beings. Some common conflicts in urban regions include destroying property, harassing pets, bullying or assaulting humans and exhibiting daring or violent behavior. These conflicts arise from habituation of coyotes to human beings. Some human beings deliberately nourishing coyotes have as well been associated to several coyote issues, as well as human assault s. Unless coyotes receive negative reinforcement, they will start to perceive these experiences in a positive manner, thus losing their usual human fear and their innate foraging behaviors. Several legal and security matters must be well thought-out before selecting alternatives for coyote control. Specialists in the wild life sector are familiar with state and federal polices and laws concerning the use of discriminating apparatus while carrying out coyote conflict management. Nonetheless, human actions including proposition, codes, and regulations have cased eradication of some methods or stern limitations on their use. Oral Presentation My topic focuses on coyotes as an environmental concern in Southern California. The quest to offer solutions to challenges caused by urban coyote (Canis latrans) in Southern California faces many issues including the environment of habitation, coyote behavior as well as human actions and laws. Let us focus at each one of these in turn. Habitation Growth has formed regions of urban-wild land interface, which form the margin between urban and rural regions. As residences and urbanization go on to augment, the margin persists to enlarge. Urban habitats comprise parks, uncovered spaces, drainages, and gardens that have homes and other developments as their surroundings. Human Actions Habituation of wildlife to humans produces animals that can be more treacherous than those in the rural areas can. Several people, innocently or knowingly, allow coyotes to subsist and be close to their homes and pets through offering food or secluded habitat fragments in urban setting. Certain human actions that manipulate human-coyote associations include open space organization, pet husbandry processes and refuse management. Laws Regulatory changes and legislative proceedings, especially those associated to increased fortification of definite wildlife species and the elimination of wildlife damage control techniques have had a major effect on coy ote conflict resolution. Some bodies that have participated in making laws include the California State Legislature, California voters, as well as the California Fish and Game Commission. Coyote Behavior Coyotes prefer to live in natural habitats but they also adapt to urban environments easily. The agility of coyotes allows them to succeed and thrive in almost all natural and artificial environments in southern California. Solutions To solve these problems, technology and direct control methods are useful. California has a fact sheet through its wildlife service program aimed at helping homeowners in urban regions find solutions to coyote problems. Besides, the wildlife service should take direct control as the primary alternative through group conferences with homeowner associations. References Baker, R.O., Timm, R.M. (1998). Management of conflicts between urban coyotes and humans in southern California. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Fedriani, J.M., Fuller, T.K., Sauva jot, R.M.( 2001). Does the availability of anthropogenic food enhance densities of omnivorous mammals? An example with coyotes in southern California. Ecography, 24, 325-331. Riley, S.J., A., Decker, D.J. (2000). Risk perception as a factor in wildlife stakeholder acceptance capacity for cougars in Montana. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 5, 50-62. Tigas, L.A. (2002). Behavioral responses of bobcats and coyotes to habitat fragmentation and corridors in an urban environment. Biological Conservation, 108, 299-306.

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Financial Markets and Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Markets and Institutions - Essay Example (Govori, 2005) The financial market is divided between investors and financial institutions. Financial institutions are organizations, which act as agents, brokers, and intermediaries in financial transactions - usually a bank that keeps custody of an investment or assets. Agents and brokers contract on behalf of others while intermediaries sell for their own account. For example, a stockbroker buys and sells stocks for us as our agent, but a savings and loan borrows our money (savings account) and lends it to others (mortgage loan). The stockbroker is classified as an agent and broker, and savings and loan is called a financial intermediary. Brokers and savings and loans, like all financial institutions, buy and sell securities, but they are classified separately, because the primary activity of brokers is buying and selling rather than buying and holding an investment portfolio. Financial institutions are classified according to their primary activity, although they frequently engage in overlapp ing activities. The types of instruments exchanged in financial markets include promissory notes, commercial bills or bank-accepted bills. Other types of securities include treasury notes issued by a government, commercial papers and certificates of deposits. Why do we need financial markets and institutions One of the indicative signs of a robust economy is a dynamic exchange or circulation of money by business and government activities. This is where the financial markets play a significant role. Financial markets facilitate the movement of funds from those who save money (meaning idle money) to those who invest money in capital assets. Financial markets mobilize funds and reallocate them to uses that generate better returns than can be achieved by the holders of the funds through securities traded in the financial markets. Simplistically, they provide a convenient place where savers can safely invest excess money and consumers can easily borrow funds and be used for various purposes to further fuel the economy of a nation. What role do they play in a nation's economy The financial markets and institutions play a number of important roles in the financial system. The financial markets price funds so that businesses and governments can make rational economic allocations of capital. Business and/or government may decide upon a time pattern for expenditures that does not necessarily coincide with their current or expected income flows. Financial markets allow time adjustments in the payments for goods. Without them, there would be no opportunity to earn interest on savings, and expenditures would be limited to current receipts and cash. Savings allows many consumers to postpone consumption and to receive returns from investments. Another important function of financial markets is that it distributes economic risks. On a larger scale, the financial markets transfer the massive risks from people actually performing the work to savers who accept the risk of an uncertain return. The chance of failure for a $500 million computer chips manufacturer may be divided among thousands of investors living and working all over the world. If the computer chips business fails, each investor loses only part of his or her

Law Essay - Criminal Law Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law - Criminal Law - Essay Example Therefore in respect of the facts at hand unless a case beyond reasonable is made in respect of John he would be deemed to be innocent. (Woolmington v. DPP)1 (Oremond et al, 2011) On the basis of the above discussion it is important to bear in mind that criminal liability would accrue if the offence is proved beyond reasonable doubt and the burden of proof vests with the prosecution. An important principle that is also laid down is that the actus reus and mens rea of the offence must coincide, however the courts have adopted a broad approach in respect of the same. (Clarkson et al, 2010) In respect of proving an offence the requirement is that of actus reus, mens rea and the absence of any defence (Lord Diplock in R v Miller). There has been an important requirement that actus reus and mens rea need to coincide, however it is pertinent to mention that the said requirement has been interpreted broadly. (Fagan v. Commissioner of Police)2. A situation where it was found that the actus r eus and mens rea had coincided was that the conduct of the defendant created a situation of danger (R v. Miller)3. (Oremond et al, 2011) The actus reus of an offence is usually satisfied when a positive act is committed. There has often been the requirement that the act that has been committed must be voluntary, as was defined by Lord Denning that ‘No act is punishable if it is done involuntarily, and an involuntary act in this context...means an act which is done by the muscles without any control by the mind such as spasm, a reflex action or a convulsion; or an act done by a person who is not conscious of what he is doing such as an act done whilst suffering from concussion or whilst sleepwalking...’ (Bratty v Attorney General for Northern Ireland)4 . Thus the act of the defendant must therefore be voluntary and a wilful movement of body. (Simester et al 2009), The second element is that of mens rea which deals with the state of mind of the accused. The criteria for m ens rea has been developed and is ongoing for a number of years and the cases that were decided upon took into consideration the intention, subjective recklessness, objective recklessness, lacuna etc. (Simester et al 2009), As far as mens is concerned the current situation is that of Woollin5 and R v. G which has been attained after refining of the original test for intention. Thus the test is that there must either be direct intent that is the defendant had intended a result by committing the particular act; or oblique intent that is the result may have been that which was a virtually certain consequence of the act. (Oremond et al, 2011) The issue in respect of the liability that requires an evaluation is that whether in respect of the facts at hand there is an element of causation which would break the chain of causation. The test of causation first deals with factual issues that is would the harm have occurred but for the action of the defendant, this is what is known as the â₠¬Ëœbut for’ test (R v. White)6. It is evident by the facts that the act of John had led to the harm and so the ‘but for’ test proves the fact that the harm was in fact caused by John. The second issue requires determination of legal causation that is whether the acts of John were the substantial and the operating cause

Bottled water vs. tap water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bottled water vs. tap water - Essay Example No longer a luxury item, the beverage has become a common sight worldwide.† (Owen, 2006). However, the author, Ann Pietrangelo of the text, Bottled Water vs. Tap Water: Which is really safer? raises question on how clean and hygienic is the bottled water, when compared to the tap water and gives the answer that the bottled water is not at all better than the tap water, and in some cases could be even inferior to the tap water. The text written was by Ann Pietrangelo in July 2009 and was featured under the section, Healthy reform policy in the website Care2.com, which mainly focuses on environmental and health issues. While ‘googling’ about the topic, Bottled Water vs. Tap Water, this website or webpage came as the second web entry or result, and appeared as the apt text for this topic and paper. In the initial part of the text itself, the author starts to spell out the argument that bottled water does not any safe qualities, and it is same or even inferior to the tap water. By using data from another website, FoodandWaterWatch.org, the author argues that with tap water being regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local governments, and bottled water being regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, there are clear evidences to show that bottled water is not effectively tested and so it is not better than the tap water. Author Pietrangelo first points out the basic point, which is 40 percent of bottled water originates only from the tap, with some minerals added and some extra filtration done. She provides this fact to send the message to the readers that bottled water is just another version of the tap water, without any major differences, quality wise. Then she provides some more facts, to justify that tap water is more clean and hygienic than th e bottled water, as the tap water has to conform various rules and tests under different conditions and standards. She states that tap water is not permitted to contain E. coli

Human resources case 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human resources case 2 - Essay Example Previously the company only provided a few health care programs to its employees. This has lowered the cost of benefits for the company to a certain extent. Currently the company is offering four different health care plans to its employees. This flexibility allows the employees to choose a health care plan that suits their personal needs. Offering multiple health care plans has proven cost effective for FedEx because not all employees need an extensive health care plan. Some employees will be happy to take a limited health care plan and will be happy to take more of their income to home. The flexibility offered by the company will allow them to customize their health care plans and to decide how much income they want to set aside for health care plan. Employees who would choose programs that offer less coverage will only be eligible for a limited number of benefits. This will drive down the cost of the firm. Previously the firm offered a few health care plans to its employees. This made employees obligated to have benefits that might not be suited to them. This also increased the cost of health care benefits because the firm was more exposed. Firm had to provide the same level of benefits to all of its employees. By offering different health care coverage plans, the firm has made itself less exposed to risk because some people would choose a plan that offers less health care benefits which will reduce the liability of the firm. This is how FedEx has taken a very good step to slow down increases in cost of benefits by allowing its employees to choose from different health care plans. FedEx has started many programs like disease management program, training program, and nursing hotline to help its employees with their health related issues. These programs are aimed at helping employees of the company maintaining good health and fight diseases and other illnesses swiftly. All these programs are also playing a great role in decreasing